The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisson, H. and Praderie, M. (1998) Immersed membranes activated sludge process applied to the treatment of municipal wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 38, 437. Crespo, J.G., Velizarov, S. and Reis, M.A. (2004) Membrane bioreactors for the removal of anionic micropollutants from drinking water. Biochem. Eng., 15, 463–468. Cui, Z.F. and Wright, K.I.T. (1994) Gas–liquid 2-phase cross-flow ultrafiltration of Bsa and Dextran Solutions. J. Membrane Sci., 90, 183–189. Cui, Z.F., Chang, S. and Fane, A.G. (2003) The use of gas bubbling to enhance membrane processes. J. Membrane Sci., 221, 1–35. Defrance, L. and Jaffrin, M.Y. (1999) Reversibility of fouling formed in activated sludge filtration. J. Membrane Sci., 157, 73–84. Defrance, L., Jaffrin, M.Y., Gupta, B., Paullier, P. and Geaugey, V. (2000) Contribution of various species present in activated sludge to membrane bioreactor foulong. Bioresource Technol., 73, 105–112. Delanghe, B., Nakamura, F., Myoga, H., Magara, Y. and Guibal, E. (1994) Drinking water denitrification in a membrane bioreactor. Water Sci. Tech., 30(6), 157–160. Deronzier, G., Gillot, S., Duchène, Ph. and Héduit, A. (1996) Influence de la vitesse horizontale du fluide sur le transfert d’oxygène en fines bulles dans les basins d’aération. Tribune de l’eau, 5–6, 91–98. Dick, R.J. and Ewing, B.B. (1967) The rheology of activated sludge. J. Water Poll. Cont. Fed., 39, 543–560. Drews, A., Vocks, M., Iversen, V., Lesjean, B. and Kraume, M. (2005) Influence of unsteady membrane bioreactor operation on eps formation and filtration resistance, Proceedings of International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM), Seoul, Korea. Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. and Smith, P. (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem., 28, 350–356. Dufresne, R., Lebrun, R.E. and Lavallee, H.C. (1997) Comparative study on fluxes and performances during papermill wastewater treatment with membrane bioreactor. Can. J. Chem. Engng., 75, 95–103. Eckenfelder, W. and Grau, P. (1998) Activated Sludge Process Design and Control: Theory and Practice (2nd edn). Techonomic, Lancaster Pa. Elmaleh, S. and Abdelmoumni, L. (1997) Cross-Flow Filtration of an Anaerobic Methanogenic Suspension. J. Mem. Sci., 131, 261. Elmaleh, S. and Abdelmoumni, L. (1998) Experimental test to evaluate performance of an anaerobic reactor provided with an external membrane unit. Water Sci. Technol., 38, 8–9, 385. EPA (1989) EPA/ASCE Design manual on fine pore aeration. Cincinnati, Ohio. Ergas, S.J. and Reuss, A.F. (2001) Hydrogenotrophic denitrification of drinking water using a hollow fibre membrane bioreactor. J. Water Supply Res. Technol., 50.3, 161–171. Ergas, S.J. and Rheinheimer, D.E. (2004) Drinking water denitrification using a membrane bioreactor. Water Res., 38, 3225–3232.
106 The MBR Book Evenblij, H. and van der Graaf, J. (2004) Occurrence of eps in activated sludge from a membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 50, 293–300. Evenblij, H., Geilvoet, S., van der Graaf, J. and van der Roest, H.F. (2005a) Filtration characterisation for assessing mbr performance: three cases compared. Desalination, 178, 115–124. Evenblij, H., Verrecht, B., van der Graaf, J. and Van der Bruggen, B. (2005b) Manipulating filterability of mbr activated sludge by pulsed substrate addition. Desalination, 178, 193–201. Fan, X.-J., Urbain, V., Qian, Y. and Manem, J. (1996) Nitrification and mass balance with a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Sci. Technol., 34, 129–136. Fan, F., Zhou, H. and Husain, H. (2006) Identification of wastewater sludge characteristics to predict critical flux for membrane bioreactor processes. Water Res., (submitted). Fane, A.G., Fell, C.J.D. and Suzuki, A. (1983) The effect of pH and ionic environment on the ultrafiltration of protein solutions with retentive membranes. J. Membrane Sci., 16, 195. Fane, A.G., Chang, S. and Chardon, E. (2002) Submerged hollow fibre membrane module – design options and operational considerations. Desalination, 146, 231–236. Fang, H.H.P. and Shi, X. (2005) Pore fouling of microfiltration membranes by activated sludge. J. Membrane Sci., 264, 161–166. Fawehinmi, F., Lens, P., Stephenson, T., Rogalla, F. and Jefferson, B. (2004) The influence of operating conditions on extracellullar polymeric substances (eps), soluble microbial products (smp) and bio-fouling in anaerobic membrane bioreactors, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Field, R.W., Wu, D., Howell, J.A. and Gupta, B.B. (1995) Critical flux concept for microfiltration fouling. J. Membrane Sci., 100, 259–272. Flemming, H.C. and Wingender, J. (2001) Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (epss) – part i: Structural and ecological aspects. Water Sci. Technol., 43, 1–8. Flemming, H.C., Schaule, G., Griebe, T., Schmitt, J. and Tamachkiarowa, A. (1997) Biofouling – the achilles heel of membrane processes. Desalination, 113, 215–225. Fonseca, A.D., Crespo, J.G., Almeida, J.S. and Reis, M.A. (2000) Drinking water denitrification using a novel ion-exchange membrane bioreactor. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1557–1562. Frederickson, K. and Cicek, N. (2004) Performance comparison of a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor and a full-scale sequencing batch reactor with sand filtration: treatment of low strength wastewater from a northern Canadian aboriginal community, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Freitas, C. and Teixeira, J.A. (2001) Oxygen mass transfer in a high solids loading three-phase internal-loop airlift reactor. Chem. Eng. J., 84, 57–61. Frolund, B., Palmgren, R., Keiding, K. and Nielsen, P.H. (1996) Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Res., 30, 1749–1758.
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
Page 72 and 73: Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
Page 74 and 75: energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
Page 78 and 79: Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
Page 80 and 81: iomass. There are also issues with
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
Page 84 and 85: Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
Page 86 and 87: Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
Page 88 and 89: 2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
Page 90 and 91: Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
Page 92 and 93: has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
Page 94 and 95: Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
Page 96 and 97: MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
Page 98 and 99: Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
Page 100 and 101: Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
Page 102 and 103: (Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
Page 104 and 105: Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
Page 106 and 107: Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
Page 108 and 109: Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
Page 110 and 111: Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
Page 112 and 113: Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
Page 114 and 115: Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
Page 116 and 117: and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
Page 118 and 119: Lastly, the vast majority of all st
Page 120 and 121: Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
Page 124 and 125: Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
Page 126 and 127: Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
Page 128 and 129: Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
Page 130 and 131: Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
Page 132 and 133: Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
Page 134 and 135: Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
Page 136 and 137: Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
Page 138 and 139: Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
Page 168 and 169: Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321:
Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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