The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Nordkanal wastewater treatment works 239–241 background and plant description 239–240 plant operation 241 Norit X-Flow 135, 138, 190–191 airlift process 252–253 Novasep Orelis 13, 14, 197, 269 nutrient removal 51–53, 236 NWF MBR module 172 O O&M data 4, 137, 145, 146, 147 design 142 oil and grease 242 operating flux 32, 35, 137 operational parameter aeration 127–130 design calculation 130–134 liquid pumping 124–125 membrane maintenance 125–127 Norit X-flow sMBR 191 Orelis 266–269 Queen Mary II WWTP 266 Orelis Novasep MBR treatment scheme 269 Orelis Pleiade ® PAN FS membrane 201 organic acid 96 organic carbon 41, 42, 52, 60 organic matter 39–40 see also natural organic matter organic solvent 243 osmotic pressure 30 oxalic acid 143 oxygen 58, 127 oxygen transfer efficiency 127, 129 oxygen transfer rate 47, 48 P PAC (powdered activated carbon) 62, 84, 98–99 packing density 202 Pall 25 Park Place 247–249 particle size 50 PCI Membrane 15, 188 peak flow test 137 percolation theory 93 permanent fouling see irreversible fouling permeability 29 fluctuation 147 see also membrane permeability permeate flux 87 permselectivity 23, 58 Persep 197 Perthes en Gatinais plant 233–236 pervaporation (PV) 23 PES (polyethylsulphone) 25, 169, 183, 195 PET (polyethylene terephthalate) 173 phosphate removal 52, 236 physical cleaning 32–33 cycle 33, 126 protocol 95, 153 physical operating parameter 133 physical parameters, of membrane 65–69 Pietramurata 143–144 pilot plant trial, comparison 135 pilot scale MBR 145–146 pilot trial 209, 210 Pleiade 197 Pleiade ® membrane modules 269 Pleiade ® skid 268 point Loma wastewater treatment 138–141 Pollution Prevention Act 7 polyacetonitrile (PAN) HF membranes 199 polyethylene (PE) 25 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 173 polyethylsulphone (PES) 25, 169, 183, 195 Polymem 197–199, 201 Polymem Immem system 198 polymeric membrane 24, 69, 286 polypropylene (PP) 25, 169 polysulphone (PS) 197–198 polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) 15, 25, 173, 181, 262 pore blocking 74 pore size 22, 65–67, 69, 165–166 distribution 67 effects on hydraulic performance 65 Porlock 209–214 plant design and operation 212–214 porosity 67 potable water 181 powdered activated carbon (PAC) 62, 84, 98–99 PP (polypropylene) 25, 169 precipitation 33, 57 pressure 29 pre-treatment and residuals management 159 process control and software 159 process design and operation fundamentals nitrification kinetics 46 sludge yield 43 SRF and F:M ratio 44–45 substrate degradation 42–43 prognosis, MBRs 270–271 progressive cavity (PC) pumps 144, 223 protein EPS fraction 79–81 Proteobacteria 41 protozoa 39, 40 PS (polysulphone) 197–198 pumping energy efficiency 133 purification 209, 245 PURON 183–184, 185, 249–252 Simmerath 249–250 Sobelgra 250–252 PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) 15, 25, 173, 181, 262 PVDF MT modules 190 Q QM2 WWTP 266, 268, 269 background 266 treatment scheme 267–268 R recirculation system 59 reclamation 138, 141, 244 recovery cleaning 97, 152, 236, 243 Index 323
324 The MBR Book recovery cleans 152 recycle sludge 160, 217 recycling plant food wastewater 253–254 livestock wastewater 246 relaxation 219 Renovexx 210 performance 211 resistance 29–30 retentate stream 30 retrofitting 160 reuse 239 of reverse osmosis 230 water 256, 264 reverse osmosis (RO) 9, 22, 23, 230, 231, 244, 245, 269 Hydranautics LFC3 membrane 141 reuse 230 Saehan BL membrane 141 Toray 173–174 reversible fouling 32 Reynolds number 34, 87 Reynoldston 233 Rhodia-Orelis 13, 14 Richardson Foods 241 rotifers 39 roughness 67 Running Springs 218 background 218 process design 218–219 process operation and performance 219–221 Rödingen 239, 240 S SAD see specific aeration demand Saehan BL reverse osmosis 141 Safe Drinking Water Act 7 Sanitaire 188 Sanitaire ® diffused aeration technology 188 Sanki Engineering 12 SBR see sequencing batch reactor Schwägalp 228 scour solids 128 SDI (silt density index) 141, 245 secondary critical flux 35 sequencing batch reactor (SBR) 38 sewage treatment process, classic 38, 39 shear enhancement 100 shear-induced diffusion 34 shear rate 85, 203 shell-side 28 Shellfish Waters Directive 6 Ship-board wastewater treatment 266 sidestream configuration 12 sidestream MBR (sMBR) 56–57, 154 advantages 57 sidestream MBR suppliers 189 Berghof 189 Millenniumpore 195–197 Norit X-Flow 190–191 Novasep Orelis 197 Polymem 197–199, 201 Wehrle 192–195 sidestream membrane plants 252 Food wastewater recycling plant 253–254 landfill leachate treatment systems 256–261 Millenniumpore 264–266 Norit X-Flow airlift process 252–253 Orelis 266–269 thermophylic MBR effluent treatment 261–264 sidestream system 13, 14, 34, 124, 256 Siemens 181 silt density index (SDI) 141, 245 Simmerath 249–250 Singapore 141, 143, 199, 244 Skyland Baseball Park 175–176 sludge disposal cost 154 non-Newtonian nature of 124 treatment 216 yield 43, 134, 156, 245 sludge volume index (SVI) 159 slug flow 85 small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 4 SMP see soluble microbial products Sobelgra 250–252 sodium 22 sodium chloride 90 sodium hydroxide 262 sodium hypochlorite 32, 236, 243 recovery cleaning 236 solid retention time (SRT) 42, 78, 88, 89, 98, 142, 213, 182 and F:M ratio 45–45 soluble microbial products (SMP) 73, 79, 81–83, 84 solutes 72 sourcing process 129 South Africa 12 spare capacity 160 specific aeration demand (SAD) 86, 139, 150 specific energy demand 130, 193, 194, 264 in sidestream MBR 124 see also energy demand specific UV absorbance (SUVA) 83 spiral wound (SW) membrane 26, 27, 188, 197 SRT see solid retention time stainless steel membrane 70 standard aeration efficiency (SAE) 47 standard blocking 31 steady-flow energy equation 274 SteraporeSADF element 181 SteraporeSUN elements 179 Sterapore PE HF membrane 179, 180 streptococci 209 substrate degradation 42–43 substrate to biomass concentration ratio 89 supernatant 66, 72, 83 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system 219
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
Page 290 and 291: Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
Page 292 and 293: or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
Page 294 and 295: Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
Page 296 and 297: Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
Page 298 and 299: Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
Page 300 and 301: L being the internal module length
Page 302 and 303: Appendix D Membrane Products
Page 304 and 305: Table D.3 Membrane module details o
Page 306 and 307: Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
Page 308 and 309: Table D.5 Membrane module details o
Page 310 and 311: Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
Page 312 and 313: Conference title meet Dates Locatio
Page 314 and 315: Event Last held Location Website Fo
Page 316 and 317: Appendix F Selected Professional an
Page 318 and 319: Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321: Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
Page 322 and 323: Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
Page 324 and 325: Abbreviations The following lists k
Page 326 and 327: PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
Page 328 and 329: Glossary of Terms A number of key t
Page 330 and 331: Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
Page 332 and 333: Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 334 and 335: Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
Page 336 and 337: investment 9 for membrane replaceme
Page 338 and 339: I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
Page 342: SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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