The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Lastly, the vast majority of all studies in this area have focused on fouling and, specifically, the characterisation of polymeric substances and mostly ignored the potentially more serious problem of clogging. Clogging can arise both in the membrane channels and in the aerator ports, in both cases impacting deleteriously on flux distribution and thus fouling rates. In this respect, developing methods of ensuring homogeneity of air distribution will advance both fouling and clogging control. Once again, though, the number of MBR papers published which have been devoted specifically to aerator design are limited. The nature of irrecoverable fouling and clogging is that they can only be studied over extended time periods which are simply not conducive to academic research. Research into fouling characterisation is likely to continue for some time and new membranes and systems are being developed from research programmes globally. However, much practical information can be obtained from the examination of pilot- and fullscale plant data (Chapters 3 and 5), and it is also instructive and expedient to consider the attributes of existing individual commercial technologies (Chapter 4). References Fundamentals 101 Abbassi, B., Dullstein, S. and Rabiger, N. (1999) Minimization of excess sludge production by increase of oxygen concentration in activated sludge flocs; experimental and theoretical approach. Water Res., 34, 139–146. Adham, S., DeCarolis, J.F. and Pearce, W. (2004) Optimization of various mbr systems for water reclamation – phase iii, Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program, Final Report No. 103, Agreement No. 01-FC-81–0736. Ahmed, T. and Semmens, M.J. (1992a) The use of independently sealed microporous membranes for oxygenation of water: model development. J. Membrane Sci., 69, 11–20. Ahmed, T. and Semmens, M.J. (1992b) Use of sealed end hollow fibres for bubbleless membrane aeration: experimental studies. J. Membrane Sci., 69, 1–10. Ahn, Y.T., Kang, S.T., Chae, S.R., Lim, J.L., Lee, S.H. and Shin, H.S. (2005) Effect of internal recycle rate on the high-strength nitrogen wastewater treatment in the combined ubf/mbr system. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 241–247. ASCE (1992) ASCE Standard – Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean Water, ANSI/ASCE 2–91, (2nd edn). Reston VA. Ashley, K.I., Mavinic, D.S. and Hall, K.J. (1992) Bench scale study of oxygen transfer in coarse bubble diffused aeration. Water Res., 26, 1289–1295. Badino, J.A.C., Facciotti, M.C.R. and Schmidell, W. (2001) Volumetric oxygen transfer coefficients (kLa) in batch cultivations involving non-Newtonian broths. Biochem. Engng. J., 8, 111–119. Bae, T.-H. and Tak, T.-M. (2005) Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor. J. Membrane Sci., 264, 151–160. Baek, S.H. and Pagilla, K. (2003) Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment, Proceedings 76th Water Environment Federation Technical Exposition and Conference [CD-ROM]; Los Angeles, Ca.
102 The MBR Book Barker, D.J. and Stuckey, D.C. (2001) Modeling of soluble microbial products in anaerobic digestion: the effect of feed strength and composition. Water Environ. Res., 73, 173. Barker, D.J., Salvi, S.M., Langenhoff, A.A.M. and Stuckey, D.C. (2000) Soluble microbial products in ABR treating low-strength wastewater. J. Environ. Eng., 26, 239. Barrieros, A.M., Rodrigues, C.M., Crespo, J.P.S.G. and Reis, M.A.M. (1998) Membrane bioreactor for drinking water denitrification. Bioprocess Eng., 18, 297–302. Beaubien, A., Baty, M., Jeannot, F., Francoeur, E. and Manem, J. (1996) Design and operation of anaerobic membrane bioreactors: Development of a filtration testing strategy. J. Membrane Sci., 109, 173–184. Bérubé, P., Hall, E. and Sutton, P. (2006) Mechanisms governing the permeate flux in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating low-strength/municipal wastewaters: a literature review. Water Env. Res., in press. Bérubé, P.R. and Lei, E. (2004) Impact of membrane configuration and hydrodynamic conditions on the permeate flux in submerged membrane systems for drinking water treatment, Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference [CD-Rom]; San Antonio, TX. Bin, C., Xiaochang, W. and Enrang, W. (2004) Effects of tmp, mlss concentration and intermittent membrane permeation on a hybrid submerged mbr fouling, Proceedings of Water Environment-Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Bouchez, T., Patreau, D., Dabert, P., Juretschko, S., Wagner, M., Godon, J., Delgenès, J. and Moletta, R. (1998) Bioaugmentation of a nitrifying sequencing batch reactor with the aerobic denitrifying bacteria Microvirgula aerodenitrificans: effects on nitrogen removal and consequences in terms of microbial community, Proceedings of the European Conference on New Advances in Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal for Municipal or Industrial Wastewaters, October, Narbonne, France, 273–277. Bouhabila, E.H., Ben Aim, R. and Buisson, H. (1998) Microfiltration of activated sludge using submerged membrane with air bubbling (application to wastewater treatment). Desalination, 118, 315–322. Bouhabila, E.H., Ben Aïm, R. and Buisson, H. (2001) Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors. Sep. Purif. Tech., 22–23, 123–132. Bourgeous, K.N., Darby, J.L. and Tchobanoglous, G. (2001) Ultrafiltration of wastewater: effects of particles, mode of operation, and backwash effectiveness. Water Res., 35, 77. Bowen, W. R., Calvo, J. I. and Hernandez, A. (1995) Steps of membrane blocking in flux decline during protein microfiltration. J. Membrane Sci., 101, 153–165. Brindle, K., Stephenson, T. and Semmens, M.J. (1998) Nitrification and oxygen utilisation in a membrane aeration bioreactor. J. Membrane Sci., 144, 197–209. Brindle, K., Stephenson, T. and Semmens, M.J. (1999) Pilot plant treatment of a high strength brewery wastewater using a membrane aeration bioreactor. Water Environ. Res., 71, 1197–1204. Brockman, M. and Seyfried, C.F. (1996) Sludge activity and cross-flow microfiltration – a non-beneficial relationship. Water Sci. Technol., 34(9), 205. Brookes, A., Jefferson, B., Le-Clech, P. and Judd, S. (2003a) Fouling of membrane bioreactors during treatment of produced water, Proceedings of International Membrane Science and Technology Conference (IMSTEC), Sydney, Australia.
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
Page 68 and 69: Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
Page 70 and 71: on discharged P levels have been im
Page 72 and 73: Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
Page 74 and 75: energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
Page 78 and 79: Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
Page 80 and 81: iomass. There are also issues with
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
Page 84 and 85: Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
Page 86 and 87: Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
Page 88 and 89: 2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
Page 90 and 91: Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
Page 92 and 93: has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
Page 94 and 95: Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
Page 96 and 97: MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
Page 98 and 99: Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
Page 100 and 101: Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
Page 102 and 103: (Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
Page 104 and 105: Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
Page 106 and 107: Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
Page 108 and 109: Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
Page 110 and 111: Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
Page 112 and 113: Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
Page 114 and 115: Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
Page 116 and 117: and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
Page 120 and 121: Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
Page 122 and 123: Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
Page 124 and 125: Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
Page 126 and 127: Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
Page 128 and 129: Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
Page 130 and 131: Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
Page 132 and 133: Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
Page 134 and 135: Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
Page 136 and 137: Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
Page 138 and 139: Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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