The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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iomass. There are also issues with nitrite (NO 2 � ) arising in the effluent due to incomplete nitrification, and this becomes a serious limitation, particularly in European Union (EU) countries which are subject to more rigorous limits on nitrite levels than the US (0.03 vs. 1 mg/L as NO 2 � -N). If the membrane is not used for direct filtration, as is the case for diffusive and extractive denitrification MBRs, further downstream processing is required for colour, taste and turbidity improvements and for disinfection. There are additionally health and safety concerns to address with the hydrogenotrophic systems. Notwithstanding the elegance of the diffusive and extractive systems, it is possible that the conventional biomass rejection configuration may hold the most promise since, as a barrier system, it also achieves disinfection. However, with only one full-scale plant in existence, there is clearly further development required in this area. 2.3.4 Elements of an immersed biomass-rejection MBR MBRs employing immersed membranes to reject biomass represent the most widely employed of all MBR configurations, since they incur the lowest specific energy demand and therefore become the most economically viable for large-scale applications. There are essentially five key elements of the iMBR process which are key to its design and operation (Fig. 2.25). These are: 1. The membrane, its design and the sustaining of permeability, 2. Feedwater, its characteristics and its pretreatment, 3. Aeration of both membrane and the bulk biomass, 4. Sludge withdrawal and residence time, 5. Bioactivity and nature of the biomass. Fundamentals 63 These elements are obviously largely inter-related (Fig. 2.26), in particular the latter three which obviously relate to operation. The rate at which sludge is withdrawn controls the residence time (i.e. the SRT) which then determines the concentration of the biomass (or, strictly speaking, the mixed liquor). The MLSS concentration then impacts both on the biological properties, that is, the bioactivity and microbial speciation (Section 2.2.3), and also on the physical properties such as the viscosity and oxygen transfer (Section 2.2.5). The feedwater chemistry provides the biggest impact on MBR operation, in that the membrane fouling propensity of the mixed Feed (screens) Air (energy) Out (membrane fouling) Bioreactor (activity � nature) Sludge waste (quantity and quality) Figure 2.25 Elements of an MBR
64 The MBR Book Design EPS Free Bound Fouling Feed characteristics Biomass characteristics Floc characteristics Size Structure Reversible Irreversible liquor is generally mainly dictated by the nature of the feedwater from which it is generated. Similarly, the rigour of the pretreatment of the feedwater by screening has a significant impact on the clogging propensity. Whilst governing principles and the nature of inter-relationships can be appreciated (Fig. 2.26), actual operating conditions and the associated absolute operating parameter values can generally only be arrived at heuristically. Having said this, an understanding of the fundamentals of MBR design, operation and maintenance can proceed through a comprehensive examination of the biological, chemical and physical phenomena occurring in MBRs, since these interact to generate fouling through a number of mechanisms. In the following sections, the elements of the iMBR are considered in turn, namely the membrane itself (Section 2.3.5), the feedwater and biomass characteristics (Section 2.3.6) and the operation and maintenance aspects (Section 2.3.7), with a view to appraising mechanisms of fouling (Section 2.3.8) and, ultimately, developing methods for its control (Section 2.3.9). 2.3.5 Membrane characteristics Clogging Membrane channels Membrane module characteristics Pore Size Shape Surface characteristics Porosity Charge/hydrophobicity Bulk characteristics Viscosity/rheology Hydrophobicity Configuration Geometry Dimensions Aerator ports Operation Retention time Hydraulic Solids Hydraulics flux TMP Cleaning Physical Chemical Figure 2.26 Inter-relationships between MBR parameters and fouling Aeration Design (port size) Mean flow rate Pulse rate Key membrane design parameters are configuration, that is, the geometry and flow direction (Section 2.1.3), the surface characteristics (normally denoted by the pore size and material but also including such things as the surface charge, hydrophobicity and porosity, pore tortuosity and shape, and crystallinity), and the inter-membrane
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
Page 30 and 31: 1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
Page 32 and 33: Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
Page 34 and 35: 1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
Page 38 and 39: Fundamentals With acknowledgements
Page 40 and 41: they can be put, which then provide
Page 42 and 43: 3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
Page 46 and 47: 2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
Page 48 and 49: only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
Page 50 and 51: P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
Page 52 and 53: Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
Page 54 and 55: neo-exponential increase at fluxes
Page 56 and 57: Screened raw sewage biologically ar
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
Page 60 and 61: which affords the operator complete
Page 62 and 63: Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
Page 64 and 65: occurs from the surrounding air to
Page 66 and 67: (Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
Page 68 and 69: Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
Page 70 and 71: on discharged P levels have been im
Page 72 and 73: Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
Page 74 and 75: energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
Page 78 and 79: Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
Page 84 and 85: Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
Page 86 and 87: Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
Page 88 and 89: 2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
Page 90 and 91: Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
Page 92 and 93: has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
Page 94 and 95: Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
Page 96 and 97: MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
Page 98 and 99: Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
Page 100 and 101: Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
Page 102 and 103: (Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
Page 104 and 105: Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
Page 106 and 107: Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
Page 108 and 109: Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
Page 110 and 111: Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
Page 112 and 113: Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
Page 114 and 115: Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
Page 116 and 117: and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
Page 118 and 119: Lastly, the vast majority of all st
Page 120 and 121: Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
Page 122 and 123: Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
Page 124 and 125: Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
Page 126 and 127: Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
Page 128 and 129: Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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