The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Index A � factor 47, 49–50 and viscosity 51 A3 200 Aberporth 209, 212 activated carbon (AC) 194 see also BAC, GAC, PAC activated sludge biomass 72 activated sludge plants 3, 44 foaming 76–77 activated sludge process 12 see also aeration activated sludge systems 40–41 ecology 40 adsorption 70, 92 ADUF process see anaerobic digester ultrafiltration process advanced membrane bioreactor (AMBR) 254 aeration 46–51, 124, 149–152 biomass aeration 127–128, 129 blower power consumption 129–130 coarse bubble aeration 128, 129, 139, 236, 238, 241 design 157 diffuser type 128–129 energy demand 124–125 fine bubble aeration 128, 129 fundamentals 46–47 impacts, in iMBR 49 increasing aeration 97–98 mass transfer 47–51 membrane aeration 84–88, 128, 129 operating data 156 see also activated sludge process; membrane aeration aeration demand data full-scale plant 150 aeration systems features 129 aerobic processes 37 aerobic systems 84–86 aerobic treatment 38, 146–147 air blower 274 power requirements 157 air–liquid flow in cylindrical channel 85 air sparging 87 airflow 127 airlift municipal WWTP 253 airlift sidestream MT systems 201 allochthonous 80 alum 98 AMBR see advanced membrane bioreactor ammonia 155 kinetic constants 155 ammonia-oxidising bacteria 41 anaerobic baffled reactor 53 anaerobic digester ultrafiltration (ADUF) process 200 anaerobic systems 68–69, 83–84, 86–88 anaerobic treatment 53–54, 201 characterisation 53 configuration 53 Anisotropic UF membrane 25 anoxic system 86–88 Aqua Renaissance programme 12 Aquious 188 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation 184–188 Asahi Kasei Microza HF membrane module 252 ASM Brescia 236 ATB Umwelttechnologien GmbH 200 Australia 8 autotrophs 41 B � factor 47, 48 BAC (biologically activated carbon) 98 backflushing 28, 33, 92, 95, 148, 238 air backflush 95 backflush flux 95 cassettes 236 chemically enhanced backflush 32, 186 see also cleaning
318 The MBR Book backwashing 125, 233, 249 Bah-Teh plant 244, 245 banknote paper 262 Bedok Sewage Treatment Works 199 Bedok Water Reclamation plant 141–143 Benelux nations 2 Berghof 189 Beverwijk wastewater treatment plant 135–138 Bilbao leachate sludge 261, 262 BIO-CEL ® membrane module 199 biochemical oxygen demand see BOD biodegradability 200, 257 biofilm 37, 39, 57, 58 biokinetic constants 154 biological aerated filter (BAF) 3 biological nutrient removal (BNR) see nutrient removal biological operating parameters 131–132, 155 biological parameter 156 biological treatment 71, 98, 188, 230 see also biotreatment biologically activated carbon (BAC) 98 biomass 48 aeration 84, 127–128 dissolved oxygen 76 foaming 76–77 foulants 71–73 MLSS concentration 73–75 temperature 75–76 viscosity 75 water phase separation 82 biomass rejection MBR 61–62 immersed 63–64 BIOMEMBRAT 257 with integrated post-treatment 195 BIOMEMBRAT ® Airlift process 193–194 BIOMEMBRAT ® -LE 193 bioreactor pressurization 193 Biosep ® process 233–234 biotreatment 240 aeration 46–51 anaerobic treatment 53–54 microbiology 39–42 nutrient removal 51–53 process design and operation fundamentals 42–46 processes 37–39 rationale 37 see also biological treatment blinding 24 blocking 31 blower power consumption 129–130, 273–276 BOD 38, 131–132, 140–141, 209, 228, 241, 246 kinetic constants 155 boundary layer 33–34 Brescia plant discharge design criteria 237 Brescia sewage treatment works background 236–238 plant design and operation 238–239 Brightwater engineering 169 Coill Dubh 221–224 Brightwater MEMBRIGHT ® module 169 BusseMF system 200 C cake filtration 31, 71 cake layer 33 California 7 Calls Creek plant 249 Canada 2, 8 capillary tube (CT) 28 membrane modules 190 carbohydrate EPS fraction 79–81 Carbosep 197 cassettes 177, 234, 236, 239, 243, 244 cellulosic matter 267 ceramic membrane 24, 69, 70, 87, 188 CES Sub Snake system 170 CFV see crossflow velocity chemical cleaning 32 cycle 126, 209 frequency 127 chemical oxygen demand see COD chemical parameters, of membrane 69–70 chemical phosphorous removal (CPR) 159, 214 chemical reagents costs 133 chemically enhanced backwashing 127 chloride 22 CIA (cleaning in air) 96 ciliates 40 CIP (cleaning in place) 126, 182, 217, 250 citric acid 243, 252 Clean Water Act 7 Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) 8–9 cleaning 95–97, 152–153, 223, 241 see also backflushing; CIA; CIP clogging 270, 24, 94, 101, 233 coarse bubble aeration 128, 129, 139, 236, 238, 241 oxygen transfer 158 COD 76, 84, 140–141, 191, 194, 209, 257, 262, 264, 266 Coill Dubh 221–224 design 222–223 operation and maintenance 223–224 colloidal materials 73, 82, 83–84, 100 Colloide Engineering Systems (CES) 169–170, 224–226 colloids 72 commercial technologies 163 complete blocking 31 concentration gradient 29, 34, 57, 60, 95 concentration polarisation 33–34 confined cell see extractive microporous MBR continuous aeration 177 continuous membrane permeation 124 conversion 30, 37, 39, 124 costs chemical reagents 133 energy demand 178–179
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
Page 284 and 285: Table 5.25 Basis for process design
Page 286 and 287: 5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
Page 288 and 289: two membrane module configurations.
Page 290 and 291: Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
Page 292 and 293: or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
Page 294 and 295: Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
Page 296 and 297: Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
Page 298 and 299: Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
Page 300 and 301: L being the internal module length
Page 302 and 303: Appendix D Membrane Products
Page 304 and 305: Table D.3 Membrane module details o
Page 306 and 307: Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
Page 308 and 309: Table D.5 Membrane module details o
Page 310 and 311: Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
Page 312 and 313: Conference title meet Dates Locatio
Page 314 and 315: Event Last held Location Website Fo
Page 316 and 317: Appendix F Selected Professional an
Page 318 and 319: Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321: Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
Page 322 and 323: Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
Page 324 and 325: Abbreviations The following lists k
Page 326 and 327: PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
Page 328 and 329: Glossary of Terms A number of key t
Page 330 and 331: Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
Page 332 and 333: Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 336 and 337: investment 9 for membrane replaceme
Page 338 and 339: I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
Page 340 and 341: Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
Page 342: SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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