The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii, Y. (1991) Effects of activated-sludge properties on water flux of ultrafiltration membrane used for human excrement treatment. Water Sci. Technol., 23, 1601–1608. Saw, C.B., Anderson, G.K., James, A. and Le, M.S. (1986) A membrane technique for biomass retention in anaerobic waste treatment, Proceedings 40th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 805. Schiener, P., Nachaiyasit, S. and Stuckey, D.C. (1998) Production of soluble microbial products (SMP) in an anaerobic baffled reactor: composition, biodegradability, and the effect of process parameters. Environ. Technol., 19, 391. Schoeberl, P., Brik, M., Bertoni, M., Braun, R. and Fuchs, W. (2005) Optimization of operational parameters for a submerged membrane bioreactor treating dyehouse wastewater. Sep. Purif. Technol., 44, 61–68. Schrader, G.A., Zwijnenburg, A. and Wessling, M. (2005) The effect of wwtp effluent zeta-potential on direct nanofiltration performance. J. Membrane Sci., 266, 80–93. Scott, J.A., Neilson, D.J., Liu, W. and Boon, P.N. (1998) A dual function membrane bioreactor system for enhanced aerobic remediation of high-strength industrial waste. Water Sci. Technol., 38, 413–420. Seghezzo, L., Zeeman, G., Van Lier, J.B., Hamelers, H.V.M. and Lettinga, G. (1998) A review: the anaerobic treatment of sewage in UASB and EGSB reactors. Bioresource Technol., 65, 175–190. Seghezzo, L., Guerra, R.G., Gonzalez, S.M., Trupiano, A.P., Figueroa, M.E., Cuevas, C.M., Zeeman, G. and Lettinga, G. (2002) Removal efficiency and methanogenic activity profiles in a pilot scale UASB reactor treating settled sewage at moderate temperatures. Water Sci. Technol., 45(10), 243–248. Shimizu, Y., Okuno, Y.-I., Uryu, K., Ohtsubo, S. and Watanabe, A. (1996) Filtration characteristics of hollow fiber microfiltration membranes used in membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment. Water Res., 30, 2385–2392. Shin, H.-S. and Kang, S.-T. (2003) Characteristics and fates of soluble microbial products in ceramic membrane bioreactor at various sludge retention times. Water Res., 37, 121–127. Singh, K.S. and Viraraghavan, T. (2003) Impact of temperature on performance, microbial, and hydrodynamic aspect of USAB reactors treating municipal wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 48(6), 211. Smith, B.C. and Skidmore, D.R. (1990) Mass-transfer phenomena in an airlift reactor – effects of solids loading and temperature. Biotech. Bioeng., 35, 483–491. Smith, S., Judd, S., Stephenson, T. and Jefferson, B. (2003) Membrane bioreactors – hybrid activated sludge or a new process? Membrane Tech., 5–8. Smith, P.J., Vigneswaran, S., Ngo, H.H., Ben-Aim, R. and Nguyen, H. (2005) Design of a generic control system for optimising back flush durations in a submerged membrane hybrid reactor. J. Membrane Sci., 255, 99–106. Smith, R. (2006). The MBR at Buxton wastewater plant, presented at The Use and Practice of Membranes in Water and Wastewater in the UK, Meeting of the Chartered Institution of Water and Envionmental Management (CIWEM), Glasgow, January 17, 2006.
118 The MBR Book Soares, M. (2000) Biological denitrification of groundwater. Water Air Soil Poll., 123, 183–193. Sofia, A., Ng, W.J. and Ong, S.L. (2004) Engineering design approaches for minimum fouling in submerged MBR. Desalination, 160, 67–74. Stenstrom, M.K. and Redmon, D.T. (1996) Oxygen transfer performance of fine pore aeration in ASBs – a full scale review TAPPI International Environmental Conference, Orlando, FL., May 6. Stephenson, T., Judd, S., Jefferson, B. and Brindle, K. (2000) Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment, IWA Publishing, London. Stewart, V. (1988) Nitrate respiration in relation to facultative metabolism. Enterobacteria Microbiol. Rev., 52, 190–232. Stuckey, D.C. (2003) The submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR): an intensification of anaerobic wastewater treatment, Abstract of Presentation to the Department Civil Engineering at the University of Minnesota, September 10, Minneapolis, USA. Stuckey, D.C. and Hu, A. (2003) The submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR): an intensification of anaerobic wastewater treatment, Presented at the IWA Leading Edge Conference on Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, Noordwijk/Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Sun, Y., Huang, X., Chen, F. and Wen, X. (2004) A dual functional filtration/ aeration membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Suzuki, Y., Miyahara, S. and Tokeishi, K. (1993) Oxygen supply method using gas permeable film for wastewater treatment. Water Sci. Technol., 28(7), 243–250. Tao, G., Kekre, K., Wei, Z., Lee, T.C., Viswanath, B. and Seah, H. (2005) Membrane bioreactors for water reclamation. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 431–440. Tardieu, E., Grasmick, A., Geaugey, V. and Manem, J. (1999) Influence of hydrodynamics on fouling velocity in a recirculated mbr for wastewater treatment. J. Membrane Sci., 156, 131–140. Tarnacki, K., Lyko, S., Wintgens, T., Melin, T. and Natau, F. (2005) Impact of extra-cellular polymeric substances on the filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors for landfill leachate treatment. Desalination, 179, 181–190. Tokuz, R. and Eckenfelder, W. (1979) The effect of inorganic salts on the activated sludge process performance. Water Res., 13, 99–104. Tsai, H.-H., Ravindran, V., Williams, M.D. and Pirbazari, M. (2004) Forecasting the performance of membrane bioreactor process for groundwater denitrification. J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 3, 507–521. Ueda, T., Hata, K., Kikuoka, Y. and Seino, O. (1997) Effects of aeration on suction pressure in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Res., 31, 489–494. Urbain, V., Benoit, R. and Manem, J. (1996) Membrane bioreactor: a new treatment tool. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88(5), 75–86. Vallero, M.V.G., Lettinga, G. and Lens, P.N.L. (2005) High rate sulfate reduction in a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (sambar) at high salinity. J. Membrane Sci., 253, 217–232. Van Dijk, L. and Roncken, G.G. (1997) Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: the state of the art and new developments. Water Sci. Technol., 35(10), 35–41.
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
Page 84 and 85: Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
Page 86 and 87: Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
Page 88 and 89: 2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
Page 90 and 91: Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
Page 92 and 93: has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
Page 94 and 95: Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
Page 96 and 97: MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
Page 98 and 99: Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
Page 100 and 101: Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
Page 102 and 103: (Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
Page 104 and 105: Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
Page 106 and 107: Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
Page 108 and 109: Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
Page 110 and 111: Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
Page 112 and 113: Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
Page 114 and 115: Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
Page 116 and 117: and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
Page 118 and 119: Lastly, the vast majority of all st
Page 120 and 121: Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
Page 122 and 123: Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
Page 124 and 125: Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
Page 126 and 127: Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
Page 128 and 129: Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
Page 130 and 131: Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
Page 132 and 133: Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
Page 136 and 137: Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
Page 138 and 139: Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
Page 168 and 169: Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
Page 172 and 173: Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
Page 174 and 175: Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
Page 176 and 177: In short, the design calculation de
Page 178 and 179: complications arise when estimating
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
Page 182 and 183: 4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321:
Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 334 and 335:
Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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