The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Introduction With acknowledgements to: Chapter 1 Section 1.1 Beth Reid AEA Technology, UK Section 1.2 Francis DiGiano University of North Carolina, USA Paul Jeffrey Cranfield University, UK Ryosuke (Djo) Kubota Membrane Europe Ltd, UK Maekawa Enrico Vonghia Zenon Environmental Inc., Canada
2 The MBR Book 1.1 Introduction The progress of technological development and market penetration of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) can be viewed in the context of key drivers, historical development and future prospects. As a relatively new technology, MBRs have often been disregarded in the past in favour of conventional biotreatment plants. However, a number of indicators suggest that MBRs are now being accepted increasingly as the technology of choice. 1.2 Current MBR market size and growth projections Market analyst reports indicate that the MBR market is currently experiencing accelerated growth, and that this growth is expected to be sustained over the next decade. The global market doubled over a 5-year period from 2000 to reach a market value of $217 million in 2005, this from a value of around $10 million in 1995. It is expected to reach $360 million in 2010 (Hanft, 2006). As such, this segment is growing faster than the larger market for advanced wastewater treatment equipment and more rapidly than the markets for other types of membrane systems. In Europe, the total MBR market for industrial and municipal users was estimated to have been worth €25.3 million in 1999 and €32.8 million in 2002 (Frost and Sullivan, 2003). In 2004, the European MBR market was valued at $57 million (Frost and Sullivan, 2005). Market projections for the future indicate that the 2004 figure is expected to rise annually by 6.7%; the European MBR market is set to more than double its size over the next 7 years (Frost and Sullivan, 2005), and is currently roughly evenly split between UK/Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, the Benelux nations and Iberia (Fig. 1.1). The US and Canadian MBR market is also expected to experience sustained growth over the next decade, with revenue from membrane-based water purification, desalination and waste treatment totalling over $750 million in 2003, and projected to reach $1.3 billion in 2010 (Frost and Sullivan, 2004a, b, c). According to some analysts, the MBR market in the USA (for the years 2004–2006) is growing at a significantly faster rate than other sectors of the US water industry, such that within some sub-sectors, Benelux 16% UK and Ireland 19% Iberia 19% Germany 18% Italy 16% France 12% Figure 1.1 European membrane bioreactor market (Frost and Sullivan, 2005)
Page 2 and 3: The MBR Book
Page 4 and 5: The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
Page 10 and 11: Preface What’s In and What’s No
Page 12 and 13: Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
Page 14 and 15: Contributors A number of individual
Page 16 and 17: Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
Page 20 and 21: such as the filtration market, tech
Page 22 and 23: D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
Page 26 and 27: of non-point source pollution contr
Page 28 and 29: exploitation index (WEI), the value
Page 30 and 31: 1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
Page 32 and 33: Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
Page 34 and 35: 1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
Page 38 and 39: Fundamentals With acknowledgements
Page 40 and 41: they can be put, which then provide
Page 42 and 43: 3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
Page 46 and 47: 2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
Page 48 and 49: only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
Page 50 and 51: P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
Page 52 and 53: Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
Page 54 and 55: neo-exponential increase at fluxes
Page 56 and 57: Screened raw sewage biologically ar
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
Page 60 and 61: which affords the operator complete
Page 62 and 63: Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
Page 64 and 65: occurs from the surrounding air to
Page 66 and 67: (Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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