The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Introduction 7 Much of the legislative framework in the USA is centred around the following: ● The Pollution Prevention Act (1990): the purpose of this legislation is to focus industry, government and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation and raw materials use. Pollution prevention also includes other practices that increase efficiency in the use of energy, water or other natural resources, and protect water resources through conservation. Such practices include recycling, source reduction and sustainable agriculture (USEPA, 2006a). ● The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974): this focuses on all waters actually or potentially intended for drinking, whether from above ground or underground sources. The Act authorises the EPA to establish safe standards of purity and requires all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with primary (health-related) standards (USEPA, 2006b). Whilst numerous amendments and regulations have been introduced since 1974, many of these relating to the control of disinfection byproducts and other organic and inorganic contaminants, none appear to have been directed specifically towards wastewater reuse. ● The Clean Water Act (CWA) (1972): this established the basic framework for regulating discharges of pollutants into US waters and authorised the setting of wastewater standards for industry. The Act was revised in 1977, 1981 and 1987, and was originally intended to ensure receiving waters became “fishable” or “swimmable”, although a recent study suggests that there is still room for improvement in meeting this goal (Benham et al., 2005). In an attempt to reach the “fishable” and “swimmable” goal, the total maximumdaily load (TMDL) programme has been established. Section 303(d) of the CWA requires the establishment of a TMDL for all impaired waters. A TMDL specifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality standards considering both point and non-point sources of pollution. The TMDL addresses each pollutant or pollutant class and control techniques based on both point and non-point sources, although most of the emphasis seems to be on non-point controls. MBRs thus offer the opportunity of a reduction in volume of point source discharges through recycling and improving the quality of point discharges to receiving waters. It is this that has formed part of the rationale for some very large MBRs recently installed or at the planning stage, such as the broad run water reclamation facility plant planned for Loudoun County in Virginia. In the USA, individual states, and particularly those with significant water scarcity such as California and Florida, may adopt additional policies and guidelines within this legislative framework. The state of Georgia, for example, has implemented a water reuse initiative entitled ‘Guidelines for Water Reclamation and Urban Water Reuse’ (GDNR, 2006). The guidelines include wastewater treatment facilities, process control and treatment criteria, as well as system design, operation and monitoring requirements. California has introduced a series of state laws since the promulgation of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended in 1972. The most recent of these is the Water Code (Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act Division 7, 2005: Water Quality; CEPA, 2006) which covers issues such as
8 The MBR Book wastewater treatment plant classification and operator certification and on-site sewage treatment systems, amongst a whole raft of other issues. These are merely examples of pertinent legislation since a full review of all global legislation, regulations and guidelines is beyond the scope of this book. However, they give some indication of the regulatory environment in which MBR technology stakeholders are operating. There is also every reason to suppose that legislation will become more stringent in the future in response to ever depleting water resources and decreasing freshwater quality. 1.4.2 Incentives and funding Alongside legislative guidelines and regulations has been the emergence of a number of initiatives to incentivise the use of innovative and more efficient water technologies aimed at industrial and municipal organisations. These have an important impact on affordability and vary in amounts and nature (rebate, subsidy, tax concessions, etc.) according to national government and/or institutional/organisational policy but are all driven by the need to reduce freshwater demand. In the UK in 2001, the HM Treasury launched a consultation on the Green Technology Challenge. The Green Technology Challenge is designed to speed up technological innovation and facilitate the diffusion of new environmental technologies into the market place (HM Treasury, 2006). The initiative is intended to accompany tax credits previously available to SMEs to encourage research and development and to offer further tax relief on investment in environmentally-friendly technologies in the form of enhanced capital allowances (ECAs). Under the system water efficient technologies (e.g. those delivering environmental improvements such as reductions in water demand, more sustainable water use and improvements in water quality) are eligible for claiming ECAs. The tax incentive allow organisations to write off an increased proportion of its capital spending against its taxable profit over the period in which the investment is made. Similar tax incentives are offered to businesses in a number of other countries to encourage investment in environmentally-friendly and innovative technologies. In Australia, Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland, this takes the form of accelerated depreciation for investment in equipment aimed at different forms of pollution. Denmark offers a subsidy-based scheme for investments directed towards energy-intensive sectors, and Japan also offers the option of a tax credit for the investment: from April 1998 to March 2004, suction filtration immersed membrane systems for MBRs were the object of “Taxation of Investment Promotion for Energy Supply Structure Reform”, allowing a 7% income tax deduction for Japanese businesses. In the USA, state funding is also in place to encourage innovation in new water technology. The Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) (which replaced the Construction Grants scheme and which is administered by the Office of Wastewater Management at the US Environmental Protection Agency) is the largest water quality funding source, focused on funding wastewater treatment systems, non-point source projects and watershed protection (USEPA, 2006c). The programme provides funding for the construction of municipal wastewater facilities and implementation
Page 2 and 3: The MBR Book
Page 4 and 5: The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
Page 10 and 11: Preface What’s In and What’s No
Page 12 and 13: Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
Page 14 and 15: Contributors A number of individual
Page 16 and 17: Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
Page 18 and 19: Introduction With acknowledgements
Page 20 and 21: such as the filtration market, tech
Page 22 and 23: D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
Page 26 and 27: of non-point source pollution contr
Page 28 and 29: exploitation index (WEI), the value
Page 30 and 31: 1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
Page 32 and 33: Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
Page 34 and 35: 1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
Page 38 and 39: Fundamentals With acknowledgements
Page 40 and 41: they can be put, which then provide
Page 42 and 43: 3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
Page 46 and 47: 2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
Page 48 and 49: only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
Page 50 and 51: P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
Page 52 and 53: Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
Page 54 and 55: neo-exponential increase at fluxes
Page 56 and 57: Screened raw sewage biologically ar
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
Page 60 and 61: which affords the operator complete
Page 62 and 63: Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
Page 64 and 65: occurs from the surrounding air to
Page 66 and 67: (Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
Page 68 and 69: Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
Page 70 and 71: on discharged P levels have been im
Page 72 and 73: Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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