The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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complications arise when estimating the oxygen transfer and hydraulic performance (flux and permeability) provided by the membrane aeration. The correlation of membrane flux and permeability with membrane aeration rate and the applied cleaning protocol relies entirely on heuristically-derived information. Continuing improvements in MBR process design mean that the boundary conditions for appropriate operation of specific technologies are changing, with the process costs tending to decrease year on year as a result. It remains to be seen whether further incremental improvements can further significantly decrease operating costs in the future. References Design 161 Adham, S., DeCarolis, J.F. and Pearce, W. (2004) Optimisation of various MBR systems for water reclamation – phase III, Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Final Report, No. 103. Babcock, R. (2005) www.wrrc.hawaii.edu/research/project_babcock/Babcockmembrane. htm (Accessed December 2005). EPA (1989) EPA/ASCE Design manual on fine pore aeration. Cincinnati, Ohio. Göbel, A., Thomsen, A., McArdell, C.S., Joss, A. and Giger, W. (2005) Occurrence and sorption behavior of sulfonamides, macrolides and trimethoprim in conventional activated sludge treatment including sorption to sewage sludge. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3981–3989. Huber, M.M., Goebel, A., Joss A., Hermann N., Kampmann M., Löffler D., McArdell, C.S., Ried A., Ternes, T.A. and von Gunten, U. (2005) Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation of municipal wastewater effluents: a pilot study. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4290–4299. Joss, A., Andersen, H., Ternes, T., Richle, P.R. and Siegrist, H. (2004) Removal of estrogens in municipal wastewater treatment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: consequences for plant optimisation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(11), 3047–3055. Joss, A., Keller, E., Alder, A., Göbel, A., McArdell, C.S., Ternes, T. and Siegrist, H. (2005) Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment. Water Res., 39(14), 3139–3152. Joss, A., Zabczynski, S., Göbel, A., Hoffmann, B., Löffler, D., McArdell, C.S., Ternes, T.A., Thomsen, A. and Siegrist, H. (2006) Biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater treatment: proposing a classification scheme. Water Res., 40(8), 1686–1696. Lawrence, D., Ruiken, C., Piron, D., Kiestra, F. and Schemen, R. (2005) Dutch MBR Development: Reminiscing the Past Five Years, H 2O, 36–29. Metcalf, Eddy. (2003) Wastewater Engineering – Treatment and Reuse (3rd edn). McGraw-Hill, New York. Qin, J.-J., Kekre, K.A., Guihe, T., Ooa, M.-H., Wai, M.-N., Lee, T.C., Viswanath, B. and Seah, H. (2005) New option of MBR-RO process for production of NEWater from domestic sewage. J. Membrane Sci. Schyns, P., Petri, C., van Bentem, A. and Kox, L. (2003) MBR Varsseveld, a Demonstration of Progression, H 2O, 10–12.
162 The MBR Book Tao, G., Kekre, K., Wei, Z., Lee, T.C., Viswanath, B. and Seah, H. (2005) Membrane bioreactors for water reclamation. Water Sci. Technol., 51(6–7), 431–440. Ternes, T.A., Joss, A. and Siegrist, H. (2004) Scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(20), 393A–399A. van der Roest, H.F., Lawrence, D.P. and van Bentem, A.G.N. (2002) Membrane Bioreactors for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. IWA Publishing. WEF (1996) ?? WEF (2006) Membrane systems for wastewater treatment. Water Environment Foundation, WEFPress/McGraw-Hill, New York.
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
Page 128 and 129: Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
Page 130 and 131: Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
Page 132 and 133: Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
Page 134 and 135: Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
Page 136 and 137: Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
Page 138 and 139: Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
Page 168 and 169: Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
Page 172 and 173: Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
Page 174 and 175: Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
Page 176 and 177: In short, the design calculation de
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
Page 182 and 183: 4.1 Introduction Available and deve
Page 184 and 185: Commercial technologies 167 suction
Page 186 and 187: synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
Page 188 and 189: (a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
Page 190 and 191: and is very robust. However, the la
Page 192 and 193: Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
Page 194 and 195: (a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
Page 196 and 197: Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
Page 198 and 199: Thus far, almost all of the install
Page 200 and 201: Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
Page 202 and 203: Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
Page 204 and 205: Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
Page 206 and 207: at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
Page 208 and 209: 4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
Page 210 and 211: Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
Page 212 and 213: Denitrification Nitrification Waste
Page 214 and 215: modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
Page 216 and 217: (a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
Page 218 and 219: aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
Page 220 and 221: of the particularly large-diameter
Page 222 and 223: (c) air channelling, the risk of wh
Page 224 and 225: Case Studies With acknowledgements
Page 226 and 227: 5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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