The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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investment 9 for membrane replacement 125 operating costs 124, 125, 130 for sludge disposal 134, 154 Zenon MBR life cycle 178–179 critical flux 35–37 see also flux critical suction pressure model 93 crossflow operation 28, 30–32, 33 crossflow velocity (CFV) 57, 69, 193–194 customer perception matrix wastewater treatment technologies 3 Cycle-Let ® , Zenon Environmental 12 cyclic aeration 177 D DAF see dissolved air flotation Dairy Crest 262 Dairy Gold 262 Daldowie 215–218 plant design and operation 215–218 sludge liquor and treatment 215 dalton 23 Dangerous Substances Directive 6 dead-end operation 30 decision-makers 3, 4 denitrification 47, 52, 58–63, 160 biomass rejection MBR 61–62 diffusive MBRs 61 extractive ion-exchange MBR 60–61 extractive microporous MBR 59–60 hybrid MBR systems 62 synopsis 62–63 Denmark 8 design calculation 130–134, 154–159 design facets pre-treatment and residual management 159 process control and software 159 tank sizing and redundancy 160 design information 136, 139, 147 detergents 49 diffusion 59 fine bubble 128 shear-induced 34 diffusive MBR (dMBR) 55, 57–58 denitrification 61 disc membrane aerators 193 dissolved air flotation (DAF) 241–242 dissolved oxygen (DO) 76 Dorr-Oliver 11, 12 dosing 84, 98 double-deck (EK) design 167–168 Drinking Water Directive 6 driving force 29, 32, 237 Dual Stage MBR technology 188 E Eawag 145–146 EC Bathing Water Directive 5, 6 EC Water Framework Directive 6 Eden project 264–266 effluent treatment activated sludge process 39 Bedok Sewage Treatment 199 Brescia Sewage Treatment works 236–239 classic sewage treatment process 38–39 Daldowie sludge liquor and treatment plant 215 food effluent treatment plant 262 industrial effluent Zenon MBR-RO 243–245 MBR effluent 140–141 MBR sludge 159 sludge disposal cost 154 sludge recycling 160, 217 sludge treatment 216 thermophylic MBR effluent treatment 261–264 Unifine Richardson Foods effluent treatment plant 241–243 Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 5, 6 ejector aerator 193 electrodialysis (ED) 23 electrolysis 62 energy demand determination of 134 representative costs 178–179 in submerged systems 128 see also specific energy demand enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) 52, 219 enhanced capital allowances (ECAs) 8 EPS see extracellular polymeric substances Europe 2 European Union 5 EU Landfill Directive 6 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 37 extracted 78–79 protein and carbohydrate 79–81 SMP 78–79 soluble microbial products 81–83 extractive ion-exchange MBR 60–61 extractive MBR (eMBR) 55, 57–58 extractive microporous MBR 59–60 F Far East 3 fats, oils and grease (FOG) 228, 241 see also oil and grease Federal Water Pollution Control Act 7 feed nature and concentration 71 feedwater chemistry 63 COD 84 quality 97, 136, 139, 142, 146 specification 155 ferric chloride 98 ferric dosing 98 filamentous bacteria 77 filtration 31 filtration market 3 filtration mechanism 30, 92 fine bubble aeration 128, 129 Finland 8 Index 319
320 The MBR Book Fisherman cottages 225 fixed membrane biofilm reactor see extractive microporous MBR Flat Plat 199 flat sheet (FS) membrane 12¸67, 149, 151, 286 clogging 94 recovery cleans 152 floc hydrophobicity and surface charge 77–78 size 77 Florida 7 flux 29, 124 reduction 97 see also critical flux flux-step method 35 foam formation, hypochlorite 149 foaming 76–77, 270 food effluent treatment plant 262 food-to-micro-organism ratio 44–45 food waste drainage (FWD) 269 food wastewater recycling plant 253–254 background and drivers 253 plant configurations 254 plant performance and cost savings 256 formaldehyde 78 foulants 71 characterisation 71 identification 71 fouling 24, 30, 32, 33, 57, 61, 62, 66, 69, 70, 88, 124 anaerobic systems 83–84 biomass foulants 71–73 biomass parameters 73–77 control 34, 94–99 dissolved oxygen 76 extracellular polymeric substances 78–83 feedwater 71 floc 77–78 foaming 76–77 in MBR 90–94 MLSS concentration 73–75 scientific studies 125 temperature 75–76 viscosity 75 fouling control 34 aeration increase 97–98 chemical cleaning 96–97 feed pretreatment 94 flux reduction 97 mixed liquor modification 98–99 physical cleaning 95–96 fouling mechanism conditioning 90–92 slow fouling 92 TMP jump 92–94 fractionation method 72 France 2, 8 Freiburg 257–261, 262 Freshwater Fish Directive 6 FS microfiltration (MF) membrane 165 Fuji photographic production plant characteristics 230 plant design 230–233 full-flow operation 30 full-scale plant cleaning protocol data 153 G GAC (granular activated carbon) 62 galley grey water (GGW) 269 gas bubbles 85 gas scouring see membrane aeration gas transfer (GT) 23, 62 disadvantages 61 gel layer 33, 68–69, 73, 74, 87 Georgia 7 Germany 2 Gold Series diffusers 188 Governor Dummer Academy plant 246 granular activated carbon (GAC) 62 Green Technology Challenge 8 gross flux see operating flux Guidelines for Water Reclamation and Urban Water Reuse 7 H Habitats Directive 6 Han-S product 199 heterotrophs 41 hexane 77 HF UF iMBR 13 HF ZeeWeed 13 high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) 80 HM Treasury 8 hollow fibre (HF) 26, 68, 86, 144, 148, 149, 152, 281 membrane aeration 130 packing density 28, 67 hollow fibre membranes 149 hollow fibre module 144, 282–284 HRT see hydraulic retention time Huber 226, 228 Knautnaundorf 226–227 Huber FS membrane 201 Huber technology 170–171 Huber VRM ® membrane 171, 172 module 171 product 170 humic matter 83 hybrid MBR systems 62 Hydranautics LFC3 reverse osmosis 141 hydraulic operating parameter 124 hydraulic retention time (HRT) 136 hydrophilicity 70, 82 hydrophobic flocs 77–78 hydrophobicity 25, 69–70 hydrostatic head 130 HyperFlux 189 HyPerm-AE 189 hypochlorite 96, 149, 249
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
Page 286 and 287: 5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
Page 288 and 289: two membrane module configurations.
Page 290 and 291: Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
Page 292 and 293: or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
Page 294 and 295: Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
Page 296 and 297: Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
Page 298 and 299: Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
Page 300 and 301: L being the internal module length
Page 302 and 303: Appendix D Membrane Products
Page 304 and 305: Table D.3 Membrane module details o
Page 306 and 307: Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
Page 308 and 309: Table D.5 Membrane module details o
Page 310 and 311: Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
Page 312 and 313: Conference title meet Dates Locatio
Page 314 and 315: Event Last held Location Website Fo
Page 316 and 317: Appendix F Selected Professional an
Page 318 and 319: Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321: Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
Page 322 and 323: Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
Page 324 and 325: Abbreviations The following lists k
Page 326 and 327: PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
Page 328 and 329: Glossary of Terms A number of key t
Page 330 and 331: Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
Page 332 and 333: Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 334 and 335: Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
Page 338 and 339: I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
Page 340 and 341: Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
Page 342: SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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