The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejection MBR 63 immersed configuration 12 immersed flat sheet technologies Brightwater engineering 221–224 Colloide Engineering Systems 224–226 Huber 226–228 Kubota 209, 211 non-woven fabric MBR 228 Toray 228–233 immersed FS technologies 165 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation 184–188, 252 Brightwater 169 Colloide Engineering Systems (CES) 169–170 Huber technology 170–171 ITRI NWF-based MBR 171–173 ITT industries 188–189 Koch membrane systems 183–184 Kubota 165–169 Memcor 181–183, 211, 247–249 Mitsubishi Rayon 179–181, 245–247 PURON ® 249–252 PURON ® system 183–184 Toray 173–174 Zenon 233 Zenon environmental 174–175 immersed MBR (iMBR) 67, 154, 160 elements 63 immersed system technology comparison 134–149 incentives and funding 8–9 industrial effluent Zenon MBR-RO 243–245 Industrial Technology Research Institute 171–173, 228 inhomogeneous fibre bundle model 93–94 inhomogeneous fouling model area loss 92–93 pore loss 93 insect larvae 40 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) 6 intensive cleaning 96 intermediate blocking 31 intermittent operation 97 investment costs 9 Ireland 2 irreversible fouling 32, 96 Italy 2, 143 ITT industries 188–189 J Japan 8, 12 JETOX aeration systems 254 K Kaarst site 240 Kanes Food plant 253–254, 255, 256 Kellogg 262 Kerasep 197 kinetic constants 42, 154, 155 Kingston Seymour 210 Kloten/Opfikon 146–149 Knautnaundorf 226–227 Koch membrane systems 183–184 Korea 3 Kubota 11–13, 135, 136, 137, 165–169 510 membrane panel 166 Daldowie 215–218 ES Model 166 peak flux operation 138 performance 211 Porlock 209–214 Running Springs 218 SAD m figures 168 type 155 168 Wessex Water MBR plant 214–215 Kubota Corporation 165 Kubota EW module 168 Kubota MBR plants 215 Index 321 L landfill leachate plant 257, 261 landfill leachate treatment systems 256–261 Bilbao 257, 262 Freiburg 257–261, 262 landfill leachate 257 performance comparison 261 legislation 5–8 liquid pumping 124–125 livestock wastewater recycling plant 246 Lough Erne, Co 224 lumen-side 28 M maintenance CIP 149, 250 maintenance cleaning 33, 83, 86, 96, 97, 152, 239 mass transfer 47–48 MBR demonstration planned location of 143 MBR design and operation 11, 149 biokinetic constants 154 design calculation 154–159 design facets 159–160 reference data 149–153 MBR effluent 140–141 MBR market changes 15–16 size and growth projections 2–3 MBR performance 134 MBR products development 13–15 MBR-RO project 244 MBR sludge 159 MBR technologies 11, 54, 209 benefits 9 biomass rejection, iMBR 63–64 cleaning protocols for 141, 148 confidence in 11 configurations 55–57
322 The MBR Book MBR technologies (continued) denitrification 58–63 diffusive membrane process mode 57–58 extractive membrane process mode 57–58 feed and biomass characteristics 71–84 fouling control 94–99 fouling mechanism 90–94 historical perspective 11–16 membrane characteristics 64–70 operation 84–90 pilot trials of 135 SAD data 150 unsteady-state operation 88–90 MBR technology implementation barriers 3–4 drivers 4–11 membrane 22–23 calculation 156 characteristics 64–70 chemical parameters 69–70 materials 24–26 operating data 155 operation 156 panel 166–167, 168 physical parameters 65–69 process operation 29–37 separation process 22–24 technology 22 membrane aeration 128 aerobic system 84–86 anaerobic system 83–84, 86–88 anoxic system 86–88 failure 160 membrane aeration bioreactor (MABR) 58, 61 see also diffusive MBR membrane cleaning 252 design parameter 126 membrane configuration 26–28, 67–68 capillary tube (CT) 26, 27 hollow fibre (HF) 26, 27 multitube (MT) 26, 27 plat-and-frame/flat sheet (FS) 26, 27 pleated filter cartridge (FC) 26, 27 spiral wound (SW) 26, 27 membrane extraction (ME) 23 membrane life 4 membrane maintenance 125–127 chemical membrane cleaning 125, 126–127 membrane replacement cost 125 physical membrane cleaning 125–126 membrane performance enhancer (MBE) 95, 99 membrane permeability aeration reduction 86 anaerobic systems 83 chemical cleaning 33, 96 HF and FS systems 86 soluble microbial products (SMP) 81 membrane product 199–205 categories 201 specifications 202 membrane resistance 29–30 membrane sewage treatment (MST) process 12 Memcor 138, 144, 181–183, 210, 247–249 Park Place 247–249 performance 211 Memcor MemJet ® MBR system 181 MemJet ® module 182 MemJet ® plants 249 MemJet ® Xpress 182 microbiology 39–42 Microdyn-Nadir 199, 200 microfiltration (MF) 22, 23, 165 microorganisms 37 classification 41 Microthrix 77 Microza 184, 186, 187 Millenniumpore 195–197 Eden project 264–266 Mitsubishi Rayon 135, 148, 179–181, 245–247 early Japanese installations 245–246 US installations 246–247 Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering (MRE) 179 Mitsubishi Rayon technology 246 mixed cellulose esters (MCE) 67 mixed liquor modification 98–99 adsorbent agents 98–99 coagulant/flocculant 98 mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) 43, 44–45, 129, 267 MLSS concentration 50, 63 and fouling propensity 73–75 molecular weight (MW) 66 molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 23 Monod kinetics 42 Motimo MBR membranes 199 Moustic 175 multitube (MT) 28, 86 membrane module 190 municipal effluent 141, 194, 247 municipal wastewater treatment data 228 N nanofiltration (NF) 22, 23, 194 Naston package plant 229 natural organic matter (NOM) 77–78 nematode worms 39 Netherlands, The 8, 135 NEWater 141 Nproject 244 nitrate 52, 62 Nitrates Directive 6 nitrification 41, 52, 257 kinetics 46 nitrifying bacteria 41 nitrite-oxidising bacteria 41 Nitrobacter 41 Nitrosomonas 41 Nitrosospira 41 Nitrospira 41 Nocardia 40, 77 NOM see natural organic matter Non-woven fabric MBR 171–173, 228
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
Page 288 and 289: two membrane module configurations.
Page 290 and 291: Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
Page 292 and 293: or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
Page 294 and 295: Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
Page 296 and 297: Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
Page 298 and 299: Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
Page 300 and 301: L being the internal module length
Page 302 and 303: Appendix D Membrane Products
Page 304 and 305: Table D.3 Membrane module details o
Page 306 and 307: Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
Page 308 and 309: Table D.5 Membrane module details o
Page 310 and 311: Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
Page 312 and 313: Conference title meet Dates Locatio
Page 314 and 315: Event Last held Location Website Fo
Page 316 and 317: Appendix F Selected Professional an
Page 318 and 319: Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321: Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
Page 322 and 323: Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
Page 324 and 325: Abbreviations The following lists k
Page 326 and 327: PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
Page 328 and 329: Glossary of Terms A number of key t
Page 330 and 331: Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
Page 332 and 333: Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 334 and 335: Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
Page 336 and 337: investment 9 for membrane replaceme
Page 340 and 341: Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
Page 342: SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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