The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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and is very robust. However, the large pore size inevitably leads to significant internal fouling with organic material over the course of a few days (Fig. 4.12), as demonstrated from bench-scale tests, leading to a drop in permeability to very low values. On the other hand, the material is sufficiently low in cost for the module to be competitive, provided disinfection is not required (as is the case for many industrial effluent duties). The process relies on the formation of a perm-selective dynamic layer onto the porous non-woven substrate. As such, there is a certain amount of downtime associated with the generation of this dynamic layer, during which the permeability decreases along with a concomitant increase in selectivity. The use of low-cost porous substrates for dynamic membrane formation has its roots in the South African Renovexx process (Section 5.2.1.1) from the mid 1980s, which was actually based on a woven, rather than non-woven, material. Ongoing research into these materials for MBR duties suggests that commercial MBR technologies based on non-woven substrates may appear in the future. 4.2.6 Toray Industries Commercial technologies 173 (a) (b) (c) Figure 4.12 NWF during MBR operation (1000 � magnification): (a) originally, (b) after 1 day and (c) after 3 days of operation challenged with a feedwater of 300 mg/L COD and operating at an MLSS of 2.2–3 g/L (Seo et al., 2002) Toray is another established Japanese membrane manufacturer of some 25 years standing, specialising principally in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for pure water applications. The company launched its FS MBR MF membrane product in 2004. The membrane material used is 0.08 �m-rated polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) with a standard deviation of 0.03 �m. It is reinforced with a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) non-woven fibre and mounted on an ABS support, into which a number of 1–2 mm permeate channels are cut. Permeate is extracted via a single outlet tube. The element (TPS-50150, Fig. 4.13a) has dimensions of 515 mm by 1608 mm, providing a membrane area of 1.4 m 2 , and is 13.5 mm thick (including the membrane separation of 6–7 mm). A smaller element of 0.5 m � 0.5 m also exists, its use being apparently limited to applications where height is constrained (such as on board ships). Elements are assembled in a stainless steel frame to form modules ranging from 70 m 2 total membrane area (50 elements, TRM140-050S module) or 140 m 2 (100 elements, TRM140-100S module), which can then be either doubled in width
174 The MBR Book (TRM140-200W module Fig. 4.13(b)) or stacked (TRM140-200D module) to form larger modules. The 100S module has dimensions of 1620 mm long, 810 mm wide and 2100 mm high. A design flux of 33 litres per m 2 per hour (LMH) is assumed (though the quoted range is between 8.3 and 62.6 LMH), along with a maximum transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 0.2 bar. The recommended aeration rate is 0.15–0.25 Nm 3 /h for the single-deck unit, half these values for the double-deck module, and pre-screening to 1 mm is stipulated. As of December 2005 there were around 25 operating plant worldwide, all but three being below 0.5 megalitres/day (MLD). 4.3 Immersed HF technologies 4.3.1 Zenon Environmental (a) (b) Figure 4.13 The Toray MBR: (a) element and (b) module Zenon are currently the largest MBR process technology company, operating in over 45 countries across the world with a staff of 1470 and a turnover of $CAD 233.8 m (2004 figures). The company’s first HF module (the Moustic, Fig. 4.14a) was developed in 1989 and consisted of sheets of small, extruded HF membranes oriented orthogonal to the flow and with each sheet at 90 degrees to the previous one. The
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
Page 168 and 169: Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
Page 172 and 173: Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
Page 174 and 175: Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
Page 176 and 177: In short, the design calculation de
Page 178 and 179: complications arise when estimating
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
Page 182 and 183: 4.1 Introduction Available and deve
Page 184 and 185: Commercial technologies 167 suction
Page 186 and 187: synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
Page 188 and 189: (a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
Page 192 and 193: Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
Page 194 and 195: (a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
Page 196 and 197: Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
Page 198 and 199: Thus far, almost all of the install
Page 200 and 201: Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
Page 202 and 203: Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
Page 204 and 205: Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
Page 206 and 207: at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
Page 208 and 209: 4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
Page 210 and 211: Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
Page 212 and 213: Denitrification Nitrification Waste
Page 214 and 215: modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
Page 216 and 217: (a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
Page 218 and 219: aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
Page 220 and 221: of the particularly large-diameter
Page 222 and 223: (c) air channelling, the risk of wh
Page 224 and 225: Case Studies With acknowledgements
Page 226 and 227: 5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
Page 228 and 229: Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
Page 230 and 231: Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
Page 232 and 233: Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
Page 234 and 235: Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
Page 236 and 237: Case studies 219 In this UNR config
Page 238 and 239: Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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