The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzmayr, G. and Braun, R. (1997) Nitrate removal from drinking water using a membrane fixed biofilm reactor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 48, 267–274. Fuchs, W., Braun, R. and Theiss, M. (2005) Influence of various wastewater parameters on the fouling capacity during membrane filtration, Proceedings of International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM), Seoul, Korea. Fujie, K., Hu, H.-Y., Ikeda, Y. and Urano, K. (1992) Gas–liquid oxygen transfer characteristics in an aerobic submerged biofilter for the wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. Sci., 47, 3745–3752. Gander, M.A., Jefferson, B. and Judd, S.J. (2000) Membrane bioreactors for use in small wastewater treatment plants: Membrane materials and effluent quality. Water Sci. Technol., 41, 205–211. Gao, M., Yang, M., Li, H., Wang, Y. and Pan, F. (2004a) Nitrification and sludge characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor on synthetic inorganic wastewater. Desalination, 170, 177–185. Gao, M., Yang, M., Li, H., Yang, Q. and Zhang, Y. (2004b) Comparison between a submerged membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated sludge system on treating ammonia-bearing inorganic wastewater. J. Biotechnol., 108, 265–269. Garcia-Ochoa, F., Castro, E.G. and Santos, V.E. (2000) Oxygen transfer and uptake rates during xanthan gum production. Enzyme Microbial. Technol., 27, 680–690. Germain, E. (2004). Biomass effects on Membrane Bioreactor operations, EngD Thesis, Cranfield University. Ghosh, R. and Cui, Z.F. (1999) Mass transfer in gas-sparged ultrafiltration: upward slug flow in tubular membranes. J. Membrane Sci., 162, 91. Ghyoot, W.R. and Verstraete, W.H. (1997) Coupling membrane filtration to anaerobic primary sludge digestion. Environ. Technol., 18, 569. Ghyoot, W. and Verstraete, W. (2000) Reduced sludge production in a two-stage membrane-assisted bioreactor. Water Res., 34, 205–215. Gillot, S., Capela, S. and Heduit, M. (2000) Effect of horizontal flow on oxygen transfer in clean water and in clean water with surfactants. Water Res., 34, 678–683. Gorner, T., de Donato, P., Ameil, M.-H., Montarges-Pelletier, E. and Lartiges, B.S. (2003) Activated sludge exopolymers: Separation and identification using size exclusion chromatography and infrared micro-spectroscopy, Water Res., 37, 2388–2393. Grace, H.P. (1956) Resistance and compressibility of filter cakes. Chem. Eng. Prog., 49, 303–318. Grady, C.P.L., Daigger, G.T., and Lim, H.C. (1998). Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker Masoud, A., Sohrabi, M., Vahabzadeh, F., and Bonakdarpour, B. (2001). Hydrodynamic and mass transfer characterization of a down flow jet loop bioreactor, Biochem. Eng. J., 8(3), 241–250. Green, G. and Belfort, G. (1980) Fouling of ultrafiltration membranes: lateral migration and the particle trajectory model. Desalination, 35, 129–147. Grelier, P., Rosenberger, S. and Tazi-Pain, A. (2005) Influence of sludge retention time on membrane bioreactor hydraulic performance, Proceedings of International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM), Seoul, Korea. Grethlein, H.E. (1978) Anaerobic digestion and membrane separation of domestic wastewater. J. WPCF, 754.
108 The MBR Book Gu, X.-S. (1993) Mathematical Models in Biological Wastewater Treatment. Tsinghua University press, Beijing. Günder, B. (2001) The Membrane Coupled-Activated Sludge Process in Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Technomic Publishing Company Inc., Lancaster. Gunder, B. and Krauth, K. (1998) Replacement of secondary clarification by membrane separation – results with plate and hollow fibre modules. Water Sci. Technol., 38, 383–393. Gunder, B. and Krauth, K. (1999) Replacement of secondary clarification by membrane separation-results with tubular, plate and hollow fibre modules. Water Sci. Technol., 40, 311–320. Guo, W.S., Vigneswaran, S. and Ngo, H.H. (2004) A rational approach in controlling membrane fouling problems: Pretreatments to a submerged hollow fiber membrane system, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Hai, F.I., Yamamoto, K. and Fukushi, K. (2005) Different fouling modes of submerged hollow-fiber and FS membranes induced by high strength wastewater with concurrent biofouling. Desalination, 180, 89–97. Han, S.S., Bae, T.H., Jang, G.G. and Tak, T.M. (2005) Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Proc. Biochem., 40, 2393–2400. Haugen, K.S., Semmens, M.J. and Novak, P.J. (2002) A novel in situ technology for the treatment of nitrate contaminated groundwater. Water Res., 36, 3497–3506. He, Y., Li, C., Wu, Z. and Gu, G. (1999) Study on molecular weight cut-off of the anaerobic ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor. China Water Wastewater, 15, 10. He, Y., Xu, P., Li, C. and Zhang, B. (2005) High-concentration food wastewater treatment by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. Water Res., 39, 4110–4118. Hermanowicz, S.W. (2004) Membrane filtration of biological solids: a unified framework and its applications to membrane bioreactors, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Hernández, A.E., Belalcazar, L.C., Rodriguez, M.S. and Giraldo, E. (2002) Retention of granular sludge at high hydraulic loading rates in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor with immersed filtration. Water Sci. Technol., 45 (10), 169. Hernandez Rojas, M.E., Van Kaam, R., Schetrite, S. and Albasi, C. (2005) Role and variations of supernatant compounds in submerged membrane bioreactor fouling. Desalination, 179, 95–107. Ho, C.M., Tseng, S.K. and Chang, Y.J. (2001) Autotrophic denitrification via a novel membrane-attached biofilm reactor. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 33, 201–205. Holbrook, R.D., Higgins, M.J., Murthy, S.N., Fonseca, A.D., Fleischer, E.J., Daigger, G.T., Grizzard, T.J., Love, N.G. and Novak, J.T. (2004) Effect of alum addition on the performance of submerged membranes for wastewater treatment. Water Env. Res., 76, 2699–2702. Hong, S.P., Bae, T.H., Tak, T.M., Hong, S. and Randall, A. (2002) Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 143, 219–228. Howell, J.A. (1995) Subcritical flux operation of microfiltration. J. Membrane Sci., 107, 165–171.
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
Page 74 and 75: energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
Page 78 and 79: Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
Page 80 and 81: iomass. There are also issues with
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
Page 84 and 85: Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
Page 86 and 87: Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
Page 88 and 89: 2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
Page 90 and 91: Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
Page 92 and 93: has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
Page 94 and 95: Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
Page 96 and 97: MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
Page 98 and 99: Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
Page 100 and 101: Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
Page 102 and 103: (Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
Page 104 and 105: Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
Page 106 and 107: Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
Page 108 and 109: Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
Page 110 and 111: Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
Page 112 and 113: Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
Page 114 and 115: Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
Page 116 and 117: and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
Page 118 and 119: Lastly, the vast majority of all st
Page 120 and 121: Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
Page 122 and 123: Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
Page 126 and 127: Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
Page 128 and 129: Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
Page 130 and 131: Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
Page 132 and 133: Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
Page 134 and 135: Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
Page 136 and 137: Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
Page 138 and 139: Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
Page 168 and 169: Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
Page 172 and 173: Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321:
Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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