The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Staab, K.F. (1993) Pressurized bioreactor with membrane filtration for wastewater treatment. Water Res., 27, 405–411. Kwon, D.Y. and Vigneswaran, S. (1998) Influence of particle size and surface charge on critical flux of crossflow microfiltration. Water Sci. Technol., 38, 481–488. Kwon, D.Y., Vigneswaran, S., Fane, A.G. and Ben Aim, R. (2000) Experimental determination of critical flux in cross-flow microfiltration. Sep. Purif. Technol., 19, 169–181. Laspidou, C.S. and Rittmann, B.E. (2002) A unified theory for extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass. Water Res., 36, 2711–2720. Lazarova, V., Julián, M., Laurent, D. and Jaques M. (1997) A novel circulating bed reactor: hydrodynamics, mass transfer and nitrification capacity. Chem. Eng. Sci., 52, (21–22) 3919–3927. Le-Clech, P., Alvarez-Vazquez, H., Jefferson, B. and Judd, S. (2003a) Fluid hydrodynamics in submerged and sidestream membrane bioreactors. Water Sci. Technol., 48, 113–119. Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B., Chang, I.S. and Judd, S.J. (2003b) Critical flux determination by the flux-step method in a submerged membrane bioreactor. J. Membrane Sci., 227 81–93. Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B. and Judd, S.J. (2003c) Impact of aeration, solids concentration and membrane characteristics on the hydraulic performance of a membrane bioreactor. J. Membrane Sci., 218, 117–129. Le-Clech, P., Fane, A., Leslie, G. and Childress, A. (2005a) The operator’s perspective. Filt. Sep., 42, 20–23. Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B. and Judd, S.J. (2005b) A comparison of submerged and sidestream tubular membrane bioreactor configurations. Desalination, 173, 113–122. Le-Clech, P., Cao, Z., Wan, P.Y., Wiley, D.E. and Fane, A.G. (In preparation) Feasibility of using hand-made constant temperature anemometry in spiral wound membrane. J. Membrane Sci. Lee, B.-H. and Choi, Y.-J. (2004) Effect of hrt and cod load on the nitrogen removal in a membrane bioreactor with intermittent feeding and aeration, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Lee, J., Ahn, W.-Y. and Lee, C.-H. (2001a) Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Res., 35, 2435–2445. Lee, J.C., Kim, J.S., Kang, I.J., Cho, M.H., Park, P.K. and Lee, C.H. (2001b) Potential and limitations of alum or zeolite addition to improve the performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Sci. Technol., 43, 59–66. Lee, K.-C. and Rittmann, B.E. (2002) Applying a novel autohydrogenotrophic hollow fiber biofilm reactor for denitrification of drinking water. Water Res., 36, 2040–2052. Lee, K.-C. and Rittmann, B.E. (2003) Effects of pH and precipitation on autohydrogenotrophic denitrification using the hollow-fibre membrane-biofilm reactor. Water Res., 37, 1551–1556. Lee, N. and Welander, T. (1994) Influence of predators on Nitrification in aerobic biofilm processes. Water Sci. Technol., 29(7), 355–363.
112 The MBR Book Lee, S., Burt, A., Rusoti, G. and Buckland, B. (1999) Microfiltration of yeast cells using a rotary disk dynamic filtration system. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 48, 386. Lee, S.M., Jung, J.Y. and Chung, Y.C. (2001c) Novel method for enhancing permeate flux of submerged membrane system in two-phase anaerobic reactor. Water Res., 35, 471. Lee, W., Kang, S. and Shin, H. (2003) Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors. J. Membrane Sci., 216, 217–227. Lee, W., Jeon, J.-H., Cho, Y., Chung, K.Y. and Min, B.-R. (2005) Behavior of tmp according to membrane pore size, Proceedings of International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM), Seoul, Korea. Lesage, N., Sperandio, M. and Cabassud, C. (2005) Performances of a hybrid adsorption/submerged membrane biological process for toxic waste removal. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 173–180. Lesjean, B., Rosenberger, S., Laabs, C., Jekel, M., Gnirss, R. and Amy, G. (2005) Correlation between membrane fouling and soluble/colloidal organic substances in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 1–8. Lettinga, G. and Vinken, J.N. (1980) Feasibility of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process for treatment of low strength wastes, 35th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings, pp. 625–634. Li, H., Yang, M., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Gao, M. and Kamagata, Y. (2005a) Comparison of nitrification performance and microbial community between submerged membrane bioreactor and conventional activated sludge system. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 193–200. Li, X., Gao, F., Hua, Z., Du, G. and Chen, J. (2005b) Treatment of synthetic wastewater by a novel mbr with granular sludge developed for controlling membrane fouling. Sep. Purif. Technol., 46, 19–25. Li, Y.Z., He, Y.L., Liu, Y.H., Yang, S.C. and Zhang, G.J. (2005c) Comparison of the filtration characteristics between biological powdered activated carbon sludge and activated sludge in submerged membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 174, 305–314. Lim, A.L. and Bai, R. (2003) Membrane fouling and cleaning in microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater. J. Membrane Sci., 216, 279–290. Lim, B.-R., Ahn, K.-H., Song, K.-G. and Ji-nWoo, C. (2004) Microbial community in biofilm on membrane surface of submerged mbr: Effect of in-line cleaning chemical agent, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Lindert, M., Kochbeck, B., Pruss, J., Warnecke, H.J. and Hempel, D.C. (1992) Scale-up of airlift-loop bioreactors based on modeling the oxygen mass-transfer. Chem. Eng. Sci., 47, 2281–2286. Lipnizki, F. and Field, R.W. (2001) Pervaporation-based hybrid processes in treating phenolic wastewater: Technical aspects and cost engineering. Sep. Sci. Technol., 36, 3311–3335. Liu, Y. and Fang, H.H.P. (2003) Influences of extracellular polymeric substances (eps) on flocculation, settling, and dewatering of activated sludge. Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol., 33, 237–273.
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
Page 78 and 79: Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
Page 80 and 81: iomass. There are also issues with
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
Page 84 and 85: Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
Page 86 and 87: Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
Page 88 and 89: 2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
Page 90 and 91: Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
Page 92 and 93: has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
Page 94 and 95: Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
Page 96 and 97: MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
Page 98 and 99: Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
Page 100 and 101: Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
Page 102 and 103: (Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
Page 104 and 105: Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
Page 106 and 107: Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
Page 108 and 109: Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
Page 110 and 111: Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
Page 112 and 113: Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
Page 114 and 115: Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
Page 116 and 117: and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
Page 118 and 119: Lastly, the vast majority of all st
Page 120 and 121: Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
Page 122 and 123: Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
Page 124 and 125: Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
Page 126 and 127: Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
Page 130 and 131: Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
Page 132 and 133: Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
Page 134 and 135: Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
Page 136 and 137: Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
Page 138 and 139: Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
Page 168 and 169: Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
Page 172 and 173: Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
Page 174 and 175: Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
Page 176 and 177: In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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