Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA

178 CHAPIN ET AL.
Table 15
Estimates of Bisphenol A Intakes Based on Urinary Excretion
Mean or median (range)
of estimated intake
Population Basis for estimates mg/kg bw/day a
Reference
22 Japanese adults Mean excretion of 1.68 mg/day (0.48–4.5 mg/day) 0.028 (0.008–0.075) Tsukioka (2004)
36 Japanese male Median excretion of 1.2 mg/day (o0.21–14 mg/ 0.02 (o0.0035–0.23) Arakawa et al. (2004)
students day)
5 Japanese males Median excretion of 1.3 mg/day (o0.58–13 mg/
day) over a 5-day period
0.022 (o0.01–0.22) Arakawa et al. (2004)
Data from Tsukioka Monte Carlo simulations Mean exposure: 0.028– Miyamoto and Kotake
(2004) and Arakawa 0.049 in men and (2006)
et al. (2004) 0.034–0.059 in women;
low exposures (5th
percentile) 0.021–0.037
in men and 0.025–
0.044 in women; high
exposures (95th
percentile): 0.037–
0.064 in men and
0.043–0.075 in women
56 pregnant Japanese Bisphenol A concentration in one spot sample o0.04 (o0.006–0.16) b
Fujimaki et al. (2004)
females was normalized to creatinine and exposure
was estimated using average creatinine and
urine volume excretion rates, which resulted in
a median intake of o2 mg/day (o0.3–7.9 mg/
day)
48 Japanese female Authors estimated bisphenol A intake of 0.6– 0.01–1.2 based on study Ouchi and Watanabe
college students 71.4 mg/day, based on a median bisphenol A author assumptions (2002)
concentration of 0.77 ng/mg (0.1–11.9 ng/mg) [0.015 (0.002–0.24)
creatinine in a spot urine sample, assumed based on a 100%
creatinine excretion of 1200 mg/day and that urinary excretion
20% of the dose is excreted in urine. [CERHR rate]
recalculated values using a 100% urinary
excretion rate that is consistent with human
data]
7 males and 12 females All measurements oLOD of 1.14 lg/L Based on 2 L urine Völkel et al. (2005)
without intentional excreted and 60 kg
exposure adult exposure
o0.038
394 participants in the Median (10th–95th percentile) 1.32 (0.23–7.95) mg [median 5 0.026; 10th– Calafat et al. (2005)
NHANES III survey bisphenol A/g creatinine in a spot urine 95th percentile: 0.005­
(U.S.) sample; [assumed 100% urinary excretion of 0.159]
bisphenol A in 24 hr and creatinine excretion
of 1200 mg/day]
90 girls, 6–8-years-old Median (range) 1.8 mg/L (o0.3–54.3) [assumed [0.07 (o0.012–2.17)] Wolff et al. (2006)
(U.S.) 100% urinary excretion of bisphenol A in
24 hr; 1 L per day; 25 kg body weight ]
a
Consistent with estimates conducted by Goodman et al. (2006), body weights of 60 kg were assumed, unless otherwise indicated.
b
A 50-kg body weight was assumed.
Only measured data for bisphenol A are summarized in
this report. The European Union stated that the values
reported did not account for the effects of personal
protective equipment in order to avoid difficulties in
attempting to quantify protection provided. TWA bisphenol
A concentrations measured in occupational
settings are summarized in Table 16. The limited number
of values reported indicated that bisphenol A concentrations
were below 5 mg/m 3 . Bisphenol A exposures
(41 mg/m 3 ) were observed in spraying of powdered
bisphenol A-containing coatings, bisphenol A manufacture
and manufacture of epoxy resins. The highest daily
average exposures were observed in the manufacture of
bisphenol A. There is limited information on short-term
exposure to bisphenol A. In manufacture of bisphenol A
one facility reported short-term task exposures from
0.13–9.5 mg/m 3 (European-Union, 2003).
Data for powder paint use summarized in Table 16
were obtained from a NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation
conducted at a company that manufactured fan and
ventilation equipment (NIOSH, 1979). In Plant 1 of the
company, parts were coated with an epoxy-based
powder paint by dipping. At Plant 2, an epoxy-based
powder was applied to parts via electrostatic spraying.
As evident in the data in Table 16, exposures were higher
at the plant utilizing electrostatic spraying. Monitoring
for bisphenol A was discussed in 2 other NIOSH Health
Hazard Evaluation reports. In those reports, bisphenol A
was not detected in a plant where an epoxy resin coating
was used in the manufacture of electronic resistors
Birth Defects Research (Part B) 83:157–395, 2008