Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA

BISPHENOL A 161
Table 2
Concentrations of Bisphenol A Detected in Water
Detection Detection Concentration
Sample type method rate (%) (mg/L) range [median] Reference
Surface water
German rivers GC-MS 100 0.005–0.014 [3.8] Kuch and Ballschmiter (2001)
Louisiana, U.S. GC-MS 0 oMDL 0.1 Boyd et al. (2003)
U.S. streams GC-MS 41.2 [0.14] max 12 Kolpin et al. (2002)
Netherlands GC-MS 78–93 Max marine 0.33 Belfroid et al. (2002)
Max fresh 21
Drinking water
Louisiana, U.S. GC-MS 0 oMDL 0.1 Boyd et al. (2003)
Ontario, Canada GC-MS 0 oMDL 0.1 Boyd et al. (2003)
Germany GC-MS 100 0.005–0.002 [1.1] Kuch and Ballschmiter (2001)
Landfill leachate
Japan GC-MS 100 740 Kawagoshi et al. (2003)
Japan GC-MS 70% sites 1.3–17, 200 [269] Yamamoto et al. (2001)
Sewage treatment works
Germany GC-MS 94 0.005–0.047 [10] Kuch and Ballschmiter (2001)
Louisiana, U.S. GC-MS 0 oMDL 0.1 Boyd et al. (2003)
Table 3
Bisphenol A Concentrations in Human Breast Milk
Free (ng/ml) Total (ng/ml) Detection
Source (n) Method LOD mean 7SD (range) mean7SD (range) rate (%) Reference
Japanese (23) HPLC-Fl 0.11 ng/ml 0.6170.20
(0.28–0.97)
100 Sun et al. (2004)
Japanese (101) ELISA NA 3.4170.13 (1–7) 100 Kuruto-Niwa et al.
(colostrum 3 days
after delivery)
(2007)
United States (20) HPLC-MS/MS 0.3 ng/ml 1.3 (o0.3–6.3) 1.9 (o0.3–7.3) 60 free
90 total
Ye et al. (2006)
Japanese (3) GC-MS 0.09 ng/g 0.46 (o0.09–0.65) 67 Otaka et al. (2003)
U.S. (32) NA NA NA 1.4 a
NA Calafat et al. (2006)
a Estimated from a graph.
dust. In indoor air samples collected from offices and
residences, bisphenol A was detected in 3 of 6 samples
(detection limit 5 B0.5 ng/m 3 ) at concentrations of
0.002–0.003 mg/m 3 . In another study using a GC/MS
technique, bisphenol A concentrations in indoor air from
120 U.S. homes were below reporting limits (0.018 mg/
m 3 ) (Rudel et al., 2003). Median (range) bisphenol A
concentration in dust in this study was 0.821 (o0.2–
17.6) mg/g, with 86% of samples above the reporting
limit.
Limited information is available for bisphenol A
concentrations in U.S. water (Table 2). In 1996 and/or
1997, mean bisphenol A concentrations were reported at
4–8 mg/L in surface water samples near 1 bisphenol A
production site but bisphenol A was not detected
(o1 mg/L) in surface water near 6 of 7 bisphenol A
production sites in the U.S. (Staples et al., 2000).
Bisphenol A was detected at a median concentration (in
samples with detectable bisphenol A above the reporting
limit of 0.09 mg/L) of 0.14 mg/L and a maximum
concentration of 12 mg/L in 41.2% of 85 samples collected
from U.S. streams in 1999 and 2000 (Kolpin, 2002). In
2001 and 2002, bisphenol A was not detected (o0.001 mg/
L) in effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in
Louisiana, and concentrations were not quantifiable
[quantification limit not defined] in samples collected
from surface waters in Louisiana and in drinking water
Birth Defects Research (Part B) 83:157–395, 2008
at various stages of treatment at plants in Louisiana and
Ontario, Canada (Boyd et al., 2003). In water samples
collected in Europe and Japan from the 1970 s through
1989, bisphenol A concentrations were r1.9 mg/L and in
most cases were r0.12 mg/L [reviewed in (European-
Union, 2003)].
1.2.3.2 Potential exposures from food and water:
The European Union (2003) noted that the highest
potential for human exposure to bisphenol A is through
products that directly contact food. Examples of food
contact materials that can contain bisphenol A include
food and beverage containers with internal epoxy resin
coatings and polycarbonate tableware and bottles, such
as those used to feed infants.
In addition to commercial food sources, infants
consume breast milk. Calafat et al. (2006) reported a
median bisphenol A concentration of B1.4 mg/L [as
estimated from a graph] in milk from 32 women
(Table 3). Bisphenol A was measured after enzymatic
hydrolysis of conjugates. Ye et al. (2006) found measurable
concentrations of bisphenol A in milk samples from
18 of 20 lactating women. Free bisphenol A was found in
samples from 12 women. The median total bisphenol
concentration in milk was 1.1 mg/L (range: undetectable
to 7.3 mg/L). The median free bisphenol A concentration
was 0.4 mg/L (range: undetectable to 6.3 mg/L). Sun et al.
(2004) used an HPLC method to measure bisphenol A