Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA

BISPHENOL A 175
Table 12
Average Estimated Exposure to Bisphenol A in Japanese Man Adults and Children a
Bisphenol A concentration Average estimated exposures in each age group b (mg/kg bw/day)
Exposure source (other assumptions)
0–5 6–11 1–6 7–14 15–19 19
months months years years years years
Human milk Negligible 0 0
Formula (water) 0–0.17 mg/L 0.012 0.0096
Feeding bottle 0–3.9 mg/L 0.015 0.014
Infant food 0–5.0 mg/kg 0.085
Toys 0–0.0162 mg/cm 2 /min 0.026 0.069
(mean mouthing times
of 41.7 min in
0–5-month-olds
and 73.9 min in
6–11-month-olds)
Air 0–8.1 ng/m 3 in 0.0026 0.0024 0.0021 0.0017 0.0015 0.0015
indoor air and
0–28 ng/m 3 in
outdoor air
(90% indoors/10%
outdoors)
Water 0–0.17 mg/L (intake 0.012 0.0053 0.0029 0.0027
of 2 L/day)
Food and drink
Canned 0–602 mg/kg 0.38 0.21 0.20 0.29
Non-canned 0–3 mg/kg 0.38 0.21 0.13 0.12
Tableware 0–39.4 mg/meal/utensil 0.40 0.12 0.024 0.022
(3 meals/day; 1–5 types
of utensils used/meal)
Total breast-fed: 0.028 breast-fed: 0.16 1.2 0.55 0.36 0.43
formula-fed: 0.055 formula-fed: 0.18
a Miyamoto and Kotake (2006).
b Assumptions for bodyweights and most media intake levels were not provided.
24 hr (Völkel et al., 2002; Tsukioka et al., 2004), bisphenol
A intake can be estimated by measuring bisphenol A in
urine over a specified time interval. Arakawa et al. (2004)
measured bisphenol A excretion over a 5-day period and
reported intra- and inter-individual variability. As a
result, caution was urged in using single time-point
values to estimate long-term exposure. Typical daily
intakes of bisphenol A estimated from urinary levels are
o0.01–2.17íg/kg bw/day (Table 15). A Monte Carlo
simulation using the urine data of Tsukioka et al. (2004)
and Arakawa et al. (2004) estimated mean exposures of
0.028–0.049 ug/kg bw/day for males and 0.034–0.059 ug/
kg bw/day for females (Miyamoto and Kotake, 2006).
Using the U.S. NHANES data and assumptions on
excretion rates and body weight a median intake of
0.026 ug/kg bw/day is estimated. An estimated median
exposure based on urinary bisphenol A concentrations in
6–8-year-old girls was 0.07 mg/kg bw/day (Wolff et al.,
2006).
Joskow et al. (2006) used values for total bisphenol A in
urine to estimate exposure to bisphenol A following
dental sealant application. Urinary concentrations of
bisphenol A are reported in Table 8. Factors or assumptions
used in the exposure estimates were recovery of
bisphenol A in urine as its glucuronide conjugate within
24–34 hr following exposure, a 5.4-hr half-life of
Birth Defects Research (Part B) 83:157–395, 2008
elimination for bisphenol A glucuronide, and a 1.5 L/
day urinary excretion volume. Estimated doses of
bisphenol A [based on a 60-kg bw] were 49–239 mg
[0.82–4.0 lg/kg bw] following application of Delton LC
and 0–9.5 mg [0–0.16 lg/kg bw] following application of
Helioseal F. The study authors stated that the estimates
were likely low because a substantial amount of bisphenol
A was potentially eliminated by collection of
saliva samples immediately following treatment.
1.2.4.2 Occupational exposure: Occupational exposure
to bisphenol A could potentially occur during its
manufacture, in the production of polycarbonate plastics,
and during the manufacture or use of epoxy resins,
powder coatings paints, or lacquers (European-Union,
2003). Possible exposure to bisphenol A during PVC
manufacture has been considered, but the European
Union (2003) stated that the application was being
phased out. According to the European Union, bisphenol
A is generally available as granules, flakes, or pellets,
thus reducing exposure potential. Bisphenol A is
manufactured in closed systems, but exposure is possible
during sampling, container filling, and plant maintenance.
In the manufacture of polycarbonate, bisphenol A
enters the plant and remains in a closed system before
extrusion. Sampling is conducted by a closed loop
system. Following extrusion, the polycarbonate is