Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA

164 CHAPIN ET AL.
Food (no. sampled) a
Table 5
Surveys of Bisphenol A Concentrations in Canned Infant Formulas or Food
Bisphenol A concentration mg/kg
or mg/L Country Reference
Infant formula (14) Mean 5 (0.1–13.2 ppb [lg/L]); when U.S. Biles et al. (1997a) FDA (1996)
diluted with water to make
prepared formula mean
concentrations would be 2.5 (0.05–
6.6)
Infant formula (4) ND (LOD 2 mg/kg) U.K. Goodson et al. (2002) UKFSA (2001)
Infant formula (5) 44–113 mg/kg Taiwan Kuo and Ding (2004)
Infant dessert (3) 18.9–77.3 mg/kg U.K. Goodson et al. (2002)
Infant vegetable food (4) oLOQ (LOQ 10 mg/kg) New Zealand Thomson and Grounds (2005)
Infant dessert (3) oLOQ (LOQ 10 mg/kg)
a
Values before and after heating in can and from non-dented and dented cans; values did not differ under the various conditions and
were presented together.
ND, not detected.
demonstrated that infant bottles exposed to 50 or 95%
ethanol at 651C for 240 hr leached bisphenol A at
concentrations exceeding residual monomer concentrations,
and it was suggested that hydrolysis of the
polymer had occurred.
High molecular weight, heat-cured bisphenol A-based
epoxy resins are used as protective linings in cans for
food and beverages and may be used in wine storage
vats (European-Union, 2003). Residual bisphenol A
monomer can migrate from the coatings to foods or
beverages contained within cans. Studies were conducted
to measure actual concentrations of bisphenol A
in commercially available foods or to measure concentrations
of bisphenol A leaching from can linings into
food simulants. Because the actual measurement of
bisphenol A concentrations in canned foods represents
the most realistic situation, the CERHR review will focus
on those data. Studies conducted with simulants will not
be reviewed, with the exception of one study by Howe
et al. (1998) that was considered by the FDA (1996) in
their estimates of bisphenol A intake.
Bisphenol A concentrations detected in infant foods
are summarized in Table 5, and bisphenol A concentrations
detected in non-infant foods are summarized in
Table 6. With the exception of isolated cases in which
bisphenol A concentrations were measured at up to
B0.8 mg/kg food, most measurements were below
0.1 mg/kg. The European Union also noted an extraction
study conducted with an epoxy resin that is occasionally
used to line wine vats. Based on that study, a worst-case
scenario of 0.65 mg/L bisphenol A in wine was used. The
European Union noted that the value represents a very
worst-case exposure scenario but decided to use that
number in risk estimates because no other value was
available. [The Expert Panel notes that a study of
bisphenol A in wine (Brenn-Struckhofova and Cichna-
Markl, 2006) identified a maximum concentration of
2.1 lg/L (Table 6).]
In one study, empty cans were filled with soup, beef,
evaporated milk, carrots, or 10% ethanol (Goodson et al.,
2004). The cans were then sealed, processed at 5, 20, or
401C, and sampled at 1 or 10 days or 1, 3, or 9 months.
Half the cans processed according to each condition were
dented. It was determined that 80–100% of the bisphenol
A migrated to food immediately after processing, and
that bisphenol A concentrations did not change during
storage or as a result of denting. The study authors
concluded that most migration occurred during can
processing. Boiling the cans or heating to 2301C did not
increase migration of bisphenol A, but that finding
appears to contrast with findings of others. Kang et al.
(2003) examined the effects of temperature, duration of
heating, glucose, sodium, and oil on migration of
bisphenol A from cans. In cans filled with water, heating
to 1211C compared to 1051C increased migration of
bisphenol A but the duration of heating had no
significant effect. Compared to cans filled with water,
increased amounts of bisphenol A migrated from cans
filled with 1–10% sodium chloride, 5–20% glucose, or
vegetable oils and heated to 1211C. Takao et al. (2002)
reported increased leaching of bisphenol A from cans
into water when the cans were heated to Z801C.
A study examining aggregate exposures of U.S.
preschool age children measured bisphenol A concentrations
in liquid food and solid food served to the children
at home and at child care centers (Wilson et al., 2003).
Duplicate plates of food served to nine children were
collected over a 48-hr period. GC/MS analyses were
conducted on four liquid food samples and four solid
food samples from the child care center and nine liquid
food samples and nine solid food samples from home.
Bisphenol A was detected in all solid food samples, three
liquid food samples from the child care center, and two
liquid food samples from the home. Concentrations of
bisphenol A ranged from o0.100–1.16 ng/g [lg/kg] in
liquid foods and from 0.172–4.19 ng/g [lg/kg] in solid
food.
The study examining aggregate exposures of U.S.
preschool age children was repeated with a larger sample
and again measured bisphenol Aconcentrationsinliquid
food and solid food served to thechildrenathomeand at
child care centers (Wilson et al., 2006). Bisphenol A
concentrations were measured by GC/MS in food served
over a 48-hr period to at least 238 children at home and 49
children at daycare centers. Bisphenol A was detected in
83–100% of solid food samples; concentrations were
reported at oLOD (0.8) to 192 ng/g [lg/kg]. Sixty-nineto
80% of liquid food contained detectable concentrations of
bisphenol A; concentrations were reported at oLOD (0.3)–
17.0 ng/mL in liquid food. Data were also collected for
hand wipes of 193 children at daycare centers and 60
children at home. Bisphenol A was detected in 94–100% of
Birth Defects Research (Part B) 83:157–395, 2008