Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA

nTp brief
Population
Table 2. Urinary Concentrations and Corresponding “Back Calculated”
Daily Intakes of bisphenol A in People (United States)
Urinary Concentration of
Total bisphenol A [µg/L]* (8)
the.United.States.because.of.the.large.number.
of.people.included.in.the.survey.and.the.process.
used.to.select.participants..In.addition,.the.analytical.techniques.used.by.the.CDC.to.measure.
bisphenol.A.are.considered.very.accurate.by.the.
scientific.community..There.is.some.indication.
that.exposure.to.bisphenol.A.may.be.increasing..
The.median.levels.of.bisphenol.A.in.human.urine.
doubled.(from.1.3.µg/L.to.2.7.µg/L).and.the.95 th .
percentile.values.tripled.(from.5.2.µg/L.to.15.9.
µg/L).between.NHANES.III.(1988.–.1994).and.
NHANES.2003.–.2004..Many.smaller.studies.
also.report.detection.of.bisphenol.A.in.urine,.
blood,.and.other.body.fluids.and.tissues.from.
5
Estimated Intake of bisphenol A
[µg/kg bw/day]**( 35)
All 2.7.(1.3.–.15.9/149) 0.0505.(0.0235.–.0.2742/3.47)
6.–.11.years 3.7.(1.7.–.16.0/46.1) 0.0674.(0.0310.–.0.3105/0.55)
12.–.19.years 4.2.(1.9.–.16.5/149) 0.0773.(0.0378.–.0.3476/3.47)
20.–.39.years 3.1.(1.5.–.15.4/61.4) 0.0563.(0.0272.–.0.289./0.84)
40.–.59.years 2.4.(1.1.–.15.5/75.2) 0.0415.(0.0179.–.0.2335/0.88)
60+.years 1.9.(0.8.–.13.3/52.4) 0.0334.(0.0163.–.0.2331/0.88)
Female 2.4.(1.2.–.15.7/80.1) 0.0443.(0.0190.–.0.2705/1.40)
Male. 3.2.(1.4.–.16.0/149) 0.0572.(0.0269.–.0.2778/3.47)
. Data.is.shown.as.median.(25th.–.95th.percentile.range/maximum)
**The.CDC.data.for.ages.20.–.39.and.40.–.59.years.were.not.presented.in.the.study.by.Calafat.et al. (8)..Lakind.
et al. (35).obtained.these.values.from.data.files.available.on.the.CDC.website.(http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
about/major/nhanes/nhanes2003 – 2004/lab03_04.htm.)..Lakind.et al. (35).conducted.a.separate.analysis.
of.the.CDC.data.and.calculated.mean.and.percentile.values.within.0.2.µg/L.of.those.presented.by.Calafat.et
al. (8)..The.NTP.obtained.maximum.urine.concentrations.for.each.category.from.the.CDC.data.files..The.
highest.urinary.concentrations.and.estimated.intakes.in.Table.2.represent.data.from.the.same.individual.
**.Lakind.et al. (35).assumed.that.daily.intake.of.bisphenol.A.was.equivalent.to.daily.excretion..Daily.excretion.
was.calculated.by.multiplying.the.urine.concentration.of.bisphenol.A.(µg/L).by.24.–.hour.urinary.output.
volume..Daily.urinary.volume.was.assumed.to.be.600.ml.for.children.aged.6.–.11.years,.1200.for.males.
and.females.aged.12.–.19,.1200.for.adult.females,.and.1600.for.adult.males..Body.weight.data.from.the.
2003.–.2004.NHANES.database.was.used.to.calculate.daily.intake.adjusted.for.body.weight..The.NTP.
calculated.the.maximum.estimated.daily.intakes.by.multiplying.the.maximum.detected.urine.concentration.
for.each.category.by.the.corresponding.default.urine.output.volume.used.by.Lakind.et al..and.then.dividing.
this.number.by.the.individual’s.body.weight.provided.in.the.CDC.data.files..
people.in.the.United.States,.Europe,.and.Asia.
[(9 – 12);.studies.published.prior.to.mid-2007.
are.reviewed.in.(2, 3, 13)]..Because.bisphenol.
A.does.not.persist.for.long.periods.of.time.in.
the. body,. its. widespread. detection. in. people.
indicates.that.exposures.occur.frequently..
Bisphenol.A.can.be.detected.in.the.blood.of.
pregnant.women,.amniotic.fluid,.placental.tissue,.and.umbilical.cord.blood.indicating.some.
degree.of.fetal.exposure.(12, 14 – 17)..Concentrations.of.bisphenol.A.measured.in.breast.milk.
and.the.blood.of.pregnant.women.in.the.United.
States.are.presented.in.Table.3..