Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA

176 CHAPIN ET AL.
Table 13
Summaries of Studies Estimating Bisphenol A Exposures Solely from Foods
Exposure
estimate mg/kg
Population Exposure source Basis and assumptions for estimates bw/day Reference
Infants Polycarbonate
bottles
Infants (0–3 Polycarbonate
months old) bottles
Not reported Food from epoxylined
cans
Adults Cumulative
exposures from
food contacting
cans and
polycarbonate
plastics
Infants Cumulative
exposures from
food contacting
cans and
polycarbonate
plastics
Adults Canned foods
Adults Canned foods and
canned fish
Adults Wine
Hospital patients Meals served at 2
hospitals
Japanese adults B200 food items
and children were collected in
a total diet study
Bisphenol A migration concentration of 15–
20 mg/L; milk consumption of up to 550
mL/day; mean body weight of 11 kg
Mean upper-bound concentration of
bisphenol A migration in 10% ethanol
(0.64 mg/in 2 ) and in corn oil (0.43 mg/in 2 );
body weights reported by National Center
for Health Statistics, and FDA Dietary
Exposure Guidelines with modifications
for properties of infant formula
Bisphenol A concentrations of 5 ppb [mg/L]
in beverages and 37 ppb [mg/kg] in other
foods; FDA Dietary Exposure Guidelines:
dietary intake of 3 kg/day, body weight of
60 kg
22 ppb [mg/kg] bisphenol A in vegetables,
consumption factor of 0.17 for food
contacting polymer-coated metal, intake of
3 kg food/bw/day, 60 kg bw, and
insignificant contribution from
polycarbonate
Bisphenol A concentration of 6.6 mg/kg in
prepared infant formula, o1.7 ppb [mg/L]
in infant formula from polycarbonate
bottles, consumption of 820 g food/day,
and 4 kg infant weight
Data from survey of canned foods and food
intake patterns determined from surveys
Data from survey of canned foods and food
intake patterns determined from surveys
Maximum bisphenol A concentration of
2.1 ng/mL in wine, consumption of 0.75 L/
day, and 60 kg body weight
Mean intake from hospital diets was
estimated at 1.3 (0.19–3.7) mg/day; [60 kg
body weight was assumed]
No details
0.75–1 Earls et al. (2000)
15–24 a
Onn Wong et al.
(2005)
0.105 Howe et al. (1998)
Haighton et al.
(2002) NAS
(1999)
0.183 FDA (1996)
1.75
Mean 5 0.0083 (0– Thomson and
0.29) Grounds (2005)
0.0044 for men Thomson et al.
Z25 0.0041 for (2003)
women Z25
0.0048 for men
19–24
o0.026 Brenn-
Struckhofova
and Cichna-
Markel (2006)
[0.02 (0.003–0.06)] Miyamoto and
Kotake (2006)
Fujimaki et al.
(2004)
0.00475 for Miyamoto and
children 2–6 Kotake (2006)
years 0.00195 for
adults
a
The study authors acknowledged the use of aggressive migration testing conditions and conservative assumptions in calculations, thus
leading to overestimated infant exposures.
chopped into granules and bagged, and it is during that possible. A residual bisphenol A concentration of
stage that exposure to residual bisphenol A (reported at 300 ppm was reported for epoxy resins, but it was noted
r100 ppm) through dust is possible. However, it is noted that most bisphenol A was trapped within the resin
that polycarbonate is stable and that residual bisphenol matrix. Exposure to bisphenol A during production of
A is contained within the polymer matrix. The European epoxy paints is reported to be negligible. In the
Union stated that exposure to bisphenol A during the manufacture of powder epoxy coatings, exposure is
manufacture of polycarbonate items is not likely to thought possible during weighing and milling. Exposure
exceed values observed during the manufacture of to bisphenol A during the use of powder paints has been
polycarbonate. In the production of epoxy resin, bi- documented.
sphenol A exposure is most likely during reactor There are no known regulatory limits for occupational
charging, but exposure during maintenance is also exposure to bisphenol A in the U.S. In 2004, the
Birth Defects Research (Part B) 83:157–395, 2008