Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA

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BISPHENOL A Table 6 Surveys of Bisphenol A Concentrations in Canned or Bottled Foods or Food Simulants Bisphenol A concentration (range in mg/kg Country of Food (no. sampled) unless specified) purchase a Reference Vegetables with liquid (6) Mean (range) 16 (4–39) U.S. FDA (1996) Liquids from canned vegetables 4.274.1 (SD) –22.978.8 mg/can [127 Spain, U.S. Brotons et al. (1995) or mushrooms (10) 12–76729 mg/kg] Coffee (13) ND–213 [median 5 11] (LOD 2) Japan Kawamura et al. (1999) (reviewed in European-Union, 2003; English abstract available) Black tea (9) ND–90 [median 5 o2] (LOD 2) Other tea (8) ND–22 [median 5 5.7] (LOD 2) Alcoholic beverages (10) ND except for 1 sample with 13 (LOD 2) Soft drinks (7) ND (LOD 2) Vegetables (10) 9–48 [median 5 21] U.K. Goodson et al. (2002) UKFSA (2001) Desserts (5) ND (LOD 2)–14 [median 5 10] Fruits (2) 19 and 38 Pastas (5) ND–41 [median 5 11] (LOD 7) Meats (5) 16–422 b [median 5 52] Fish (10) ND–44 [median 5 16.8] (LOD 2) Non-alcoholic or alcoholic ND except for 1 sample above LOD (LOD 2) beverages (11) but below LOQ (7) Soups (10) ND–21 [median 5 o2] (LOD 2) Vegetables, fruits, or mushrooms ND (LOD 10)–95.3 in solid portion; ND (LOD Yoshida et al. (2001) (14) 0.005 ug/mL)–0.004 mg/mL in liquid portion; ND–11.1 mg/can [85 mg/kg] total Meat products d (2) 8.6–25.7 U.K. Goodson et al. (2004) Pasta d (1) 67.3–129.5 Vegetables or beans c (2) 11.3–14.4 Soup c (1) 18.5–39.1 Pudding c (3) 3.8–53.2 Pudding d (1) 18.5–28.1 Grains and potatoes e 0 f –75 [mean not given] Japan Miyamoto and Kotake (2006) Sugar, sweets, snacks e 0 f –4 [mean not given] Fats e 0 f 0 f Fruits (including canned drinks), vegetables, mushrooms, seaweeds –450 [mean not given] e Seasoning and beverages e 0 f –213 [mean not given] Fish 9–480 [mean not given] Meat and eggs e 12.5–602 [mean not given] Milk and dairy products e 0 c –6 [mean not given] ‘‘Other’’ [not specified further] e 36–310 [mean not given] Canned fish (7) 1–23 [median 5 6] Japan Sajiki et al. (2007) Canned meat (5) 4–20 [median 5 10] Canned fruit (3) ND (LOD 0.2) Canned vegetables (13) 3–78 [median 5 15] Canned soup (12) 1–156 [median 5 15] Canned sauce (6) ND (LOD 0.2)–842 [median 5 220] Canned coconut milk 56–247 Drinks in plastic containers (3) ND (LOD 0.2) to 1 [median 5 0.3] Japan Sajiki et al. (2007) Cookies in plastic containers (4) 1–14 [median 5 3.5] Soup in plastic containers (2) ND (LOD 0.2) and 3 Fast food sandwiches (3) 3 (all values) Food in paper containers (16) ND (LOD 0.2)–1 [median 5 o0.2] Fruits and vegetables (38) ND (LOQ 10)–24 [median 5 o10] New Zealand Thomson and Grounds (2005) Fish (8) ND (LOQ 20)–109 [median 5 o20–24] Soup (4) ND (LOQ 10)–16 [median 5 o20] Sauces (4) ND (LOQ 10) –21 [median 5 16] Meat (6) ND (LOQ 20)–98 [median 5 o20] Pasta (4) ND (LOQ 10) Dessert (2) ND (LOQ 20) Coconut cream (3) ND (LOQ 20)–192 [median 5 29] Birth Defects Research (Part B) 83:157–395, 2008 165
166 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 6 Continued Bisphenol A concentration (range in mg/kg Country of Food (no. sampled) unless specified) purchase a Reference Soft drinks (4) ND (LOQ 10) Beverages (7) ND (LOD 0.9)–3.4 [median 5 0.4] Austria Braunrath et al. (2005) Vegetables (6) (only solid portion 8.5–35 [median 5 26] was analyzed, with the exception of tomatoes) Fruits (4) 5–24 [median 5 6.6] Canned fat-containing products 2.1–37.6 [median 5 20.7] such as soups, meats, and cream (9) Tuna (9) oND (LOQ 7.1)–102.7 [median 5 11.2] Mexico Munguía-López et al. (2005) Beverage/beer cans exposed to ND (LOD 5) U.S. Howe et al. (1998) FDA 10% ethanol at 1501F [65.61C] (1996) for 30 min and then 1201F [48.91C] for 10 days Food cans exposed to 10 or 95% ND (LOD 5)–95 (mean 5 37) g ethanol at 2501F [1211C] for 2 hr and then 1201F [48.91C] for 10 days or at 2121F [1001C] for 30 min and then 1201F [48.91C] for 10 days Honey (107 samples; B90% ND (LOD 2)–33.3 [median 5 o2] Japan Inoue et al. (2003b) imported in epoxy-lined drums) Wine stored in steel, wood, or oLOQ (0.2 ng/mL) to 2.1 mg/L; mean 0.58 in Austria Brenn-Struckhofova and plastic vats, filled into glass samples above the LOQ Chichna-Markl (2006) bottles, or purchased in local markets (59) Solid food (309) ND (oB0.8 )–192 [median = 3.52–4.32] U.S. Wilson et al. (2006) Liquid food (287) ND (oB 0.3)–17.0 [median = 0.45–0.79] U.S. Wilson et al. (2006) a Although cans were purchased in one or two countries for each study, most studies reported that cans were packaged in various locations throughout North America, Europe, or Asia. b The UKFSA noted that the higher concentrations of bisphenol A detected in one meat product likely resulted from the use of bisphenol A as a cross-linking agent in the resin at that time. c Values were obtained from heated and non-heated cans but presented together because it could not be determined if heating resulted in differing extraction rates. d Values were determined before and after heating in can and from non-dented and dented cans; because the values did not differ under the various conditions, they were presented together. e Total number of samples analyzed was not reported. f As reported by study authors; detection limits not specified. g A maximum concentration of 121 ppb reported in the first phase of the study was determined to have resulted from analytical interference. ND, not detected. handwipe samples; concentrations ranged from oLOD [not defined] to 46.6 ng/cm 2 . Bisphenol A was detected in 85–89% of food preparation surface wipes from homes; concentrations were reported at oLOD [not defined] to 0.357 ng/cm 2 . A review by Miyamoto and Kotake (2006) reported bisphenol A concentrations of 0.011–0.086 mg/kg in noncanned foods such as fats, fruits, fish, meat, and eggs. However, one study used GC-MS to examine bisphenol A in 14 types of produce purchased in southern Italy (Vivacqua et al., 2003). Bisphenol A concentrations were below the detection limit [not reported] in 5 produce samples. In the remaining samples, bisphenol A was detected at concentrations of 0.2570.02 (SD) to 1.1170.09 mg/kg. [These concentrations are equal to or higher than those found in canned foods, where the presumption is that the source is the epoxy liner of the container.] Bisphenol A has been found in recycled paper products used for food processing at 10 or more times the concentrations found in non-recycled paper products [reviewed by the (European Food Safety Authority, 2006)]. Bisphenol A concentrations were up to 26 mg/g paper. Migration to food was not discussed. Epoxy paints are used to coat the insides of residential drinking water storage tanks. Bisphenol A has been shown to migrate from painted concrete and stainless metallic plates; however, a water sample from a recently painted reservoir showed no detectable bisphenol A (Romero et al., 2002). When exposed to chlorine disinfectant, bisphenol A disappears within 4 hr, but the chlorinated bisphenol A congeners that are formed can Birth Defects Research (Part B) 83:157–395, 2008
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National Toxicology Program U.S. De
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NTP.will.transmit.the.NTP-CERHR.<st
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National Toxicology Program U.S. De
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nTp brief tainers.with.internal.epo
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Population Adult General. Populatio
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Table 3. Blood and Breast Milk Biom
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Figure 2b. The weight of evidence t
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in.considering.the.biological.plaus
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isphenol.A.as.efficiently.as.adult.
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isphenol.A..For.example,.this.raise
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laboRaToRy aNImal STudIeS In.contra
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of.normal.sex-based.differences.bet
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death.(168),.synaptic.plasticity.(1
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gland.carcinogen.or.that.bisphenol.
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Page 39 and 40: strategies.to.improve.the.sensitivi
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Page 43 and 44: and.cystic.endometrial.hyperplasia.
Page 45 and 46: cutaneous. injection. 20 . vom. Saa
Page 47 and 48: are CurrenT exposures To bisphenol
Page 49 and 50: w/day;.95th.percentiles.0.289.-.0.2
Page 51 and 52: nTp ConClusions The.NTP.reached.the
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Page 55 and 56: µg/kg.bw/day.based.on.the.assumpti
Page 57 and 58: concentrations.from.maternal,.fetal
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Page 63 and 64: 65.. Alonso-Magdalena. P,. Laribi.
Page 65 and 66: 91.. Calabrese.EJ,.Baldwin.LA.(2003
Page 67 and 68: Thyroid.Function.in.Juvenile.Female
Page 69 and 70: droxylase.immunoreactivity..76:423.
Page 71 and 72: stanceschimiques.gc.ca/challenge-de
Page 73 and 74: Watanabe.H,.Ohta.Y,.Iguchi.T.(2006)
Page 75 and 76: 226..vom. Saal. FS,. Cooke. PS,. Bu
Page 77 and 78: solid.phase.extraction-high.perform
Page 79 and 80: appendix i. nTp-Cerhr bisphenol a e
Page 81 and 82: 158 CHAPIN ET AL. the CERHR Core Co
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Page 103 and 104: 180 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 17 Maximum
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Page 109 and 110: 186 CHAPIN ET AL. Secondary sources
Page 111 and 112: 188 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 25 Maternal
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216 CHAPIN ET AL. Model and exposur
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218 Model and exposure Husbandry a
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220 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 54 Differen
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222 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 56 Anti-And
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224 Table 57 In Vitro Genetic Toxic
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226 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 58 In Vivo
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228 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 59 Developm
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230 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 62 Toxicoki
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232 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 64 Tissue R
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234 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 68 Toxicoki
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236 CHAPIN ET AL. treatment conditi
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238 CHAPIN ET AL. clinical signs, b
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240 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 71 Benchmar
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242 CHAPIN ET AL. group, 5 from 1 l
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244 CHAPIN ET AL. least significant
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246 CHAPIN ET AL. group was a reduc
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248 CHAPIN ET AL. 100-151 g for fem
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250 CHAPIN ET AL. 3.2.3.2 Developme
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252 CHAPIN ET AL. weights, bispheno
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254 CHAPIN ET AL. 120 mg/kg bw/day
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256 CHAPIN ET AL. comparisons condu
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258 CHAPIN ET AL. the findings of t
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260 CHAPIN ET AL. analyzed.] Anogen
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262 CHAPIN ET AL. purposeful confou
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264 CHAPIN ET AL. increased lordosi
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266 CHAPIN ET AL. that there was a
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268 CHAPIN ET AL. duration of adver
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270 CHAPIN ET AL. doses of potent e
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272 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 74 Effects
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274 CHAPIN ET AL. reproductive orga
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276 CHAPIN ET AL. tyrosine-hydroxly
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278 CHAPIN ET AL. include small sam
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280 CHAPIN ET AL. males/group. [It
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282 CHAPIN ET AL. termination, whic
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284 CHAPIN ET AL. provided a reliab
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286 CHAPIN ET AL. grooming, and out
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288 CHAPIN ET AL. method of oral do
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290 CHAPIN ET AL. reared by their d
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292 CHAPIN ET AL. has been informed
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294 CHAPIN ET AL. buffered paraform
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296 CHAPIN ET AL. unit. Further, th
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298 CHAPIN ET AL. PND 21 and housed
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300 CHAPIN ET AL. Tando et al. (200
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302 CHAPIN ET AL. Purina Certified
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304 CHAPIN ET AL. high-doses of bis
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306 CHAPIN ET AL. born to those dam
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308 CHAPIN ET AL. average weight we
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310 CHAPIN ET AL. study authors con
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312 CHAPIN ET AL. used for extracti
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314 CHAPIN ET AL. jar, and there we
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316 CHAPIN ET AL. of testes and com
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318 CHAPIN ET AL. differentiation o
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320 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 81 Summary
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322 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 82 Continue
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328 CHAPIN ET AL. 600 mg/kg bw/day)
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330 CHAPIN ET AL. (Nagao et al., 19
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332 CHAPIN ET AL. antinuclear antib
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334 CHAPIN ET AL. least 6 animals.
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336 CHAPIN ET AL. Utility (Adequacy
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338 CHAPIN ET AL. stomach weight wa
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340 CHAPIN ET AL. Schirling et al.
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342 CHAPIN ET AL. Endpoint Table 88
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344 CHAPIN ET AL. different diets b
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346 CHAPIN ET AL. with 40 mg vitami
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348 CHAPIN ET AL. the bisphenol A v
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350 CHAPIN ET AL. and determining t
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352 CHAPIN ET AL. expression [to B6
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354 CHAPIN ET AL. indicated] at 0 (
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356 CHAPIN ET AL. concentrations us
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358 CHAPIN ET AL. animals were non-
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360 CHAPIN ET AL. following adjustm
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362 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 94 Treatmen
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364 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 97 Effects
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366 CHAPIN ET AL. Table 99 Treatmen
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368 CHAPIN ET AL. Therefore the NTP
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370 CHAPIN ET AL. weeks before mati
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374 Table 101 Summary of High Utili
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376 Table 102 Summary of Limited Ut
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380 CHAPIN ET AL. from other suppli
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382 CHAPIN ET AL. U.S. populations.
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384 CHAPIN ET AL. 10. Critical desi
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386 CHAPIN ET AL. Engel SM, Levy B,
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388 CHAPIN ET AL. alpha and beta ex
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390 CHAPIN ET AL. Murray TJ, Maffin
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392 CHAPIN ET AL. Ryan BC, Vandenbe
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394 CHAPIN ET AL. Thomas P, Dong J.
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appendix iii. publiC CommenTs and p
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