Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA
Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA
Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and ... - OEHHA
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nTp brief<br />
tainers.with.internal.epoxy.resin.coatings.<strong>and</strong>.<br />
from.c<strong>on</strong>sumer.products.made.of.polycarb<strong>on</strong>ate.<br />
plastic.such.as.baby.bottles,.tableware,.food.c<strong>on</strong>tainers,.<strong>and</strong>.water.bottles..The.degree.to.which.bisphenol.A.migrates.from.polycarb<strong>on</strong>ate.c<strong>on</strong>tainers.into.liquid.appears.to.depend.more.<strong>on</strong>.<br />
<strong>the</strong>.temperature.of.<strong>the</strong>.liquid.than.<strong>the</strong>.age.of.<strong>the</strong>.<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tainer,.i.e.,.more.migrati<strong>on</strong>.with.higher.temperatures.(4)..Bisphenol.A.can.also.be.found.in.<br />
breast.milk.(5)..Short.–.term.exposure.can.occur.<br />
following.applicati<strong>on</strong>.of.certain.dental.sealants.<br />
or.composites.made.with.bisphenol.A-derived.<br />
material. such. as. bisphenol.A. dimethacrylate.<br />
(bis-DMA)..In.additi<strong>on</strong>,.bisphenol.A.is.used.<br />
in.<strong>the</strong>.processing.of.polyvinyl.chloride.plastic.<br />
<strong>and</strong>.in.<strong>the</strong>.recycling.of.<strong>the</strong>rmal.paper,.<strong>the</strong>.type.<br />
of.paper.used.in.some.purchase.receipts,.selfadhesive.labels,.<strong>and</strong>.fax.paper.(6,7)..Bisphenol.A.can.also.be.found.as.a.residue.in.paper.<br />
<strong>and</strong>. cardboard. food. packaging. materials. (7)..<br />
Workers.may.be.exposed.by.inhalati<strong>on</strong>.or.skin.<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tact.during.<strong>the</strong>.manufacture.of.bisphenol.A.<br />
<strong>and</strong>.bisphenol.A-c<strong>on</strong>taining.products,.e.g.,.polycarb<strong>on</strong>ate.<strong>and</strong>.polyvinyl.plastics,.<strong>the</strong>rmal.paper,.<br />
epoxy.or.epoxy-based.paints.<strong>and</strong>.lacquers.<strong>and</strong>.<br />
tetrabrominated.flame.retardants.(6).<br />
2<br />
Estimating.human.exposure.to.bisphenol.A.is.<br />
generally.d<strong>on</strong>e.in.<strong>on</strong>e.of.two.ways..C<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s.of.bisphenol.A.can.be.measured.directly.<br />
in.human.blood,.urine,.breast.milk,.<strong>and</strong>.o<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
fluids.or.tissues.(“biom<strong>on</strong>itoring”)..Researchers.<br />
can.use.biom<strong>on</strong>itoring.informati<strong>on</strong>,.such.as.<strong>the</strong>.<br />
c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>.of.bisphenol.A.in.urine,.to.estimate.<br />
(“back.calculate”).a.total.intake.that.reflects.all.<br />
sources.of.exposure,.both.known.<strong>and</strong>.unknown..<br />
Scientists.can.also.add,.or.aggregate,.<strong>the</strong>.amounts.<br />
of.bisphenol.A.detected.in.various.sources,.i.e.,.<br />
food.<strong>and</strong>.beverage,.air,.water,.dust..The.approach.<br />
of.aggregating.exposure.to.estimate.daily.intake.<br />
requires.sources.of.exposure.to.be.known.<strong>and</strong>.<br />
measured..In.general,.estimates.based.<strong>on</strong>.biom<strong>on</strong>itoring.<br />
are. preferred. for. calculating. total.<br />
intake.because.all.sources.of.exposure.are.integrated.into.<strong>the</strong>.fluid.or.tissue.measurement.<strong>and</strong>.<br />
do.not.have.to.be.identified.in.advance..Estimates.<br />
based.<strong>on</strong>.sources.of.exposure.are.useful.to.help.<br />
discern. <strong>the</strong>. relative. c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s. of. various.<br />
exposure.pathways.to.total.intake..<br />
The.highest.estimated.daily.intake.of.bisphenol.<br />
A.in.<strong>the</strong>.general.populati<strong>on</strong>.occur.in.infants.<strong>and</strong>.<br />
children.(Table.1).<br />
Table 1.<br />
Summary of Ranges of Estimated Daily Intakes in People Based <strong>on</strong> Sources of Exposure<br />
Populati<strong>on</strong><br />
Infant 0.–.6.m<strong>on</strong>ths<br />
Formula-fed<br />
Bisphenol A<br />
µg/kg bw/day<br />
Assumpti<strong>on</strong>s References<br />
1.–.11* 1.assumes.body.weight.of.4.5.kg.<strong>and</strong>.formula.intake.of.<br />
700. ml/day. with. 6.6. µg/L. [maximum. c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>. detected.in.U.S..canned.formula.(23,<br />
24)] (2)<br />
11.assumes.body.weight.of.6.1.kg.<strong>and</strong>.formula.intake.of.<br />
1060.ml/day.with.(1).50.µg/L.bisphenol.A/day.migrating.<br />
into. formula. from. polycarb<strong>on</strong>ate. bottles. (8.7. µg/kg. bw/<br />
day);.<strong>and</strong>.(2).14.3.µg.bisphenol.A/day.ingested.from.powdered.infant.formula.packed.in.food.cans.with.epoxy.linings.(2.3.µg/kg.bw/day).[0.143.kg.powder/day.(<strong>the</strong>.amount.<br />
of.powder.required.to.rec<strong>on</strong>stitute.a.volume.of.formula.of.<br />
1060.ml/day).c<strong>on</strong>taining.14.3.µg.bisphenol.A.(100.µg.bisphenol.A/kg.powder)]..8.7.+.2.3.=.11.µg/kg.bw/day.(25)<br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tinued <strong>on</strong> next page)<br />
(2, 25 – 27)
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