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The lack of accurate, comprehensive, and consistent measures of risk exposure hinder progress in understanding the relative importance of the various factors contributing to transportation crashes. Many different types of exposure measures (e.g., number of licensed drivers, vehicle-miles traveled, person-miles traveled, number of hours flown) are used to analyze accident statistics. There is disagreement, however, about which best measures crash risk. Furthermore, the available measures of risk exposure may differ from one mode to the next, making it difficult to compare risks among modes. For example, if vehicle-miles-traveled is the measure of risk exposure for highway crashes and the number of hours flown is the measure used for general aviation accidents, how will we compare safety trends between the two modes? Moreover, when data on risk exposure by vehicle type are broken down to take account of other considerations such as time of day and highway type, the data are not accurate enough for rigorous statistical analyses. The underreporting of transportation injuries, along with inconsistencies in injury reporting, further complicates assessment of transportation safety. Using the Functional Capacity Index to quantify the reduction of a person’s capacity to function following an injury, an estimated 1.3 million years of life are lost annually because of motor vehicle injuries, compared with 1.6 million years lost due to motor vehicle fatalities. (Evans 1991) This measure suggests the devastating consequences of injuries to society. The reporting of injuries, however, is less comprehensive and consistent than the reporting of fatalities. Reporting inconsistencies are reflected in a comparison of police-reported injuries from 23 states. For example, although all these states reported that they collect and automate data for all crashes with any injury, California reports that only 5 percent of its transportation injuries are incapacitating, while Illinois reports 24 percent. (Evans 1991) It would be useful to develop new training materials to promote consistent reporting of injuries across the nation. Improvement in the data in these and other areas could contribute to a better understanding of transportation safety problems. Such understanding, in turn, could help in the development of strategies and countermeasures to reduce the frequency and severity of crashes. It also could help in establishing priorities in an era of limited resources. References Chapter 3 Transportation and Safety � 83 Evans, L. 1991. Traffic Safety and the Driver. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. FAA News. 1995. Peña Finalizes Commuter Rule To Meet One Level of Safety. December 14. Hingson, R. 1992. Effects of Lower BAC Levels on Teenage Crash Involvement, presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Knipling, R.R. and J.S. Wang. 1994. Crashes and Fatalities Related to Driver Drowsiness/ Fatigue, Research Note. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. November. ______. 1995. Revised Estimates of the U.S. Drowsy Driver Crash Problem Size Based on General Estimates System Case Reviews, Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Chicago, IL, October 16–18. Miller, T.R. 1995. Costs and Functional Consequences of U.S. Roadway Crashes, Accident Analysis and Prevention 25, no. 5. National Safety Council. 1994. Accident Facts, 1994 Ed. Itasca, IL. _____. 1995. Accident Facts, 1995 Ed. Itasca, IL.
84 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). 1994a. Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB/ ARR:94/04. Washington, DC. May. _____. 1994b. Commuter Airline Safety Study, NTSB/SS-94/02. Washington, DC. November. _____. 1995. Factors that Affect Fatigue in Heavy Truck Accidents, Volume 1: Analysis, NTSB/SS-95/01. Washington, DC. National Transportation Safety Board and NASA Ames Research Center. 1995. Fatigue Resource Directory: A Resource for Managing Fatigue in Transportation. November 1. O’Day, James. 1993. NCHRP Synthesis 1992: Accident Data Quality. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Peña, Federico. U.S. Department of Transportation. 1995. Address to the Conference on Managing Fatigue in Transportation. Virginia. November. Ross, H. 1992. Effectiveness of Sobriety Checkpoints as an Impaired Driving Deterrent, paper presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. January. Smith, D.R. 1993. The Department of Transportation’s Program on Substance Abuse, Alcohol and Other Drugs: Their Role in Transportation, Transportation Research Circular No. 413. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. August. Stewart, K. and R.B. Voas. 1994. Decline in Drinking and Driving Crashes, Fatalities and Injuries in the United States, The Nature of and the Reasons for the Worldwide Decline in Drinking and Driving, Transportation Research Circular No. 422. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. April. Tijerina, L. 1995. Key Human Factors Research Needs in Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System Crash Avoidance. Transportation Research Record No. 1495, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, December 1995. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). 1995. Department of Transportation Focus on Fatigue. Washington, DC. November. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). 1994. Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1994. Washington, DC. January. _____. 1995. National Transportation Statistics 1996. Washington, DC. November. U. S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), U.S. Coast Guard. 1995. Boating Statistics 1994, COMDTPUB P16754.8. Washington, DC. September. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 1994. Potential Safety Applications of Advanced Technology, FHWA-RD-93-080. Washington, DC. January. U.S. Department of Transportation, (USDOT), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). 1987. 1986 Addendum to the Economic Cost to Society of Motor Vehicle Accidents. Washington, DC. September. _____. Office of Plans and Policy. 1993. Saving Lives and Dollars: Highway Safety Contribution to Health Care Reform and Deficit Reduction, DOT-HS-808-047. Washington, DC. September. _____. 1994. Facts About Motorcycle Crashes and Safety Helmet Use. March. _____. 1995a. Crash, Injury, and Fatality Rates by Time of Day and Day of Week, NHTSA Technical Report, DOT HS 808-194. January. _____. 1995b. Synthesis Report: Examination of Target Crashes and Potential ITS Countermeasures, prepared by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, DOT HS 808 263, DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-95-4. Washington, DC. June. _____. 1995c. Traffic Safety Facts 1994, DOT- HS-808-292. Washington, DC. August.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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Page 66 and 67: worth of industrial output to final
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Page 70 and 71: New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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Page 138 and 139: tion accounts for about one-ninth o
Page 140 and 141: cases the results have fallen short
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Page 144 and 145: vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Page 148 and 149: such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
Page 150 and 151: C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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172 � Transportation Statistics A
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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