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172 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 FIGURE 8-1: U.S. POPULATION LIVING IN METROPOLITAN AREAS BY SIZE AND IN NONMETROPOLITAN AREAS, 1970 AND 1990 �� Nonmetropolitan 29% Small 7% 1970 �� Medium �� 16% �� Nonmetropolitan 20% Small 7% 1990 �� Medium 19% Large 48% Large 54% SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1994 (Washington, DC: 1994), table 40. and shopping trips. Surrounding suburban communities with lower development densities are strongly linked with the central city and with each other. Commuting patterns are a good indi- cator of the strength of these linkages. Metropolitan areas are usually delineated so that most commuting trips occur within their borders rather than across them. MSAs vary widely in rates of population growth. In general, southern and western metropolitan areas grew rapidly between 1970 and 1990. For example, Miami’s metropolitan population grew by 40 percent between 1970 and 1980 and by another 21 percent in the 1980s. Northern cities generally declined or marked much smaller gains in this period. The New York metropolitan area, for instance, declined by 4 percent between 1970 and 1980 but grew by 3 percent between 1980 and 1990. Most MSA population growth has occurred in the suburbs, with central cities either growing more slowly or declining in population (see figure 8-2). Even in some rapidly growing western metropolitan areas, where central cities have been growing at double-digit rates, suburbs have grown more quickly. Suburbs have also enjoyed relatively greater growth in jobs, retail outlets, and recreational facilities, placing further pressure on the development of the rural periphery. The result is a decline in the density of both population and employment—a trend strengthened by the faster growth in the newer, low-density metropolitan areas of the South and West. As the metropolitan population share increased and the density of development within metropolitan areas decreased, the proportion of travel occurring within metropolitan areas grew. The urban area portion of automobile vehiclemiles traveled (vmt) increased from 48 percent in 1960 to 65 percent in 1994. Similarly, the urban area portion of truck vmt increased from 35 percent to 54 percent over the same period. 2 (USDOT FHWA various years) 2 In this case urban includes some smaller urbanized areas, but is dominated by the metropolitan areas.
Metropolitan Emissions and Air Quality The Clean Air Act established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six pollutants (called criteria pollutants). The standards are used to characterize the relative healthiness of air quality depending on the concentrations Chapter 8 Transportation and Air Quality: A Metropolitan Perspective � 173 �� Outside central city �� Inside central city �� FIGURE 8-2: POPULATION CHANGE IN CENTRAL CITIES AND METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1960–90 In millions 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 �� NOTE: Data are for the 12 largest metropolitan areas in the North and Midwest in 1990. �� South and West 60 �� 50 �� 40 Metropolitan total �� 30 � �Outside central city �� 20 Inside central city 10 �� 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 NOTE: Data are for the 13 largest metropolitan areas in the South and West in 1990. In millions North and Midwest Metropolitan total SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, State and Metropolitan Area Data Book (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979 and 1991). of these pollutants in the air (see box 8-1). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), states, and localities have set up a nationwide system of air quality monitoring stations. The stations measure ambient concentrations of the six criteria pollutants, so that peak-levels can be judged for conformity with air quality standards.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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Page 148 and 149: such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
Page 150 and 151: C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
Page 152 and 153: CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
Page 154 and 155: Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
Page 156 and 157: highway vehicles emit only half the
Page 158 and 159: 7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
Page 160 and 161: 1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
Page 162 and 163: new CAAA regulations required a red
Page 164 and 165: that without the improvement, VOC e
Page 166 and 167: fuels are derived from natural gas
Page 168 and 169: Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
Page 170 and 171: The Strategic Targeting and Respons
Page 172 and 173: EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
Page 174 and 175: � Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
Page 178 and 179: iron, and other metals, and greater
Page 180 and 181: Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
Page 182 and 183: � Transportation of Hazardous Mat
Page 184 and 185: Netherlands employ compensatory pro
Page 186 and 187: Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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