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Energy efficiency combination trucks, 92, 94 energy intensiveness, 94–95 international comparisons, 224–225 light and heavier trucks, 92 on-road passenger cars, 92 slowing of improvements in, 91–92, 95 Energy Information Administration oil imports projections, xviii, 91 passenger-car and light-truck mpg projections, 95 petroleum consumption projections, 90 Energy issues airfares and energy costs, 240 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Fleet programs, 88 alternative fuels, 88, 95–98, 122–123, 135, 144–145 Clean Air Act Amendments, 88, 96, 97 corporate average fuel economy standards, 87 Divisia Analysis, 98, 99–103 energy efficiency, 87, 91–95, 98, 224–225 Energy Policy Act, 88 environmental impact of transportation energy use, 88, 108 historical trends, 98–103, 108 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, 88 modal energy intensiveness, 95, 108 oil dependence, xix, 87, 90–91, 186, 250–251, 253 oil price collapse of 1986, xix, 91, 95 oil price shocks of 1973–74 and 1979–80, 89, 95, 100, 253 rail freight transport efficiency, 87, 95, 101, 103 reformulated gasoline, 88, 183 transportation energy use, 88–89 transportation energy use and CO 2 emissions, 144–145, 220–226 Energy Policy Act, 88, 95, 96, 118, 185, 186 Environmental Impact Statements, 162 Environmental issues. See also Air pollution; Habitat; Land use; Solid waste; Water and groundwater pollution biodiversity impact, xxiii, 127 data needs, 111, 126–128 environmental policies, 118–119 externalities concept, 122–126, 251–254 federal laws addressing, 118 habitat impact, xxi, 112, 122 impact of transportation on the environment, 108, 111–112, 117–128, 251 internalizing environmental effects, 123, 126 land use, 111, 117–118, 121–122 negative externalities, 122–126, 251–254 Index � 273 noise pollution, xxiii, 111, 112, 120 property rights to environmental resources, 126 road dust, 111–112, 139–140 sustainable development, 119, 127 wetlands, 108, 110, 122 Environmental Protection Agency. See also National Ambient Air Quality Standards air quality monitoring stations, 173 ambient air quality, 130, 131 annual estimates of emissions of key pollutants, 131 costs and benefits of the Clean Air Act study, 165 credits to refiners to reduce gasoline production, 126 improvements in emissions estimates, 127 inspection/maintenance programs, 183 lead-acid batteries classification as hazardous waste, 157 LUTRAQ financial support, 199 nitrogen dioxide measurement, 138 noise emissions standard, 152 pollution standards index, 177 real-world versus expected emissions rates, 184–185 toxic emissions inventory, 127 Toxic Release Inventory, 143 underground storage tank leakage estimates, 146 Environmental trends air pollution, 130–145, 173–177, 209–217 costs and benefits of environmental controls, 164–165 data needs, 166–167 land-use and habitat effects of transportation, 162–164 noise, 150–154 solid waste, 154, 156–162 water and groundwater contamination, 146–149 EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency EPACT. See Energy Policy Act ETBE. See Ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether Ethanol, 97, 98 Ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether, 97, 98 Executive Order 12906, Coordination of Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 113 Expenditures. See Government expenditures and revenues Exxon Valdez grounding, 75, 146, 148
274 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 F FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration FARs. See Federal Aviation Regulations Fatalities, injuries, and accidents. See also Transportation safety fatality rates, 68, 69, 70 international comparison of fatalities, 71, 73 modal comparison, 71 number of, 67–68, 252 state speed limit policies, 69 underreporting of crashes and minor injuries, 68, 83 as unintended consequence of transportation, 250–251, 253 Fatigue. See Human fatigue FEB countries. See Former East Bloc countries Federal Aid to Highways Act, 118 Federal Aviation Act, 234 Federal Aviation Administration aircraft noise regulation, 153–154 commuter airline safety standards, xviii creation of, 234 performance data on airport and air traffic delay, 27 Federal Aviation Regulations grants for airport noise abatement, 154 noise certification standards for jets, 153 Federal government expenditures and revenues. See Government expenditures and revenues Federal Highway Administration, 77. See also U.S. Department of Transportation combination truck fuel efficiency estimates, 92, 94 data contributed by states, 110 data on vehicle-miles traveled, 131 LUTRAQ financial support, 199 runoff sources, 149 transfer of certain ICC responsibilities to, 30, 113 Federal Railroad Administration. See also U.S. Department of Transportation surrogate accident exposure index, 80 Federal Test Procedure, 131, 184 Ferryboats, 14 FHWA. See Federal Highway Administration Final demand in GDP definition, 36 major social functions, 39 personal consumption and, 37–39 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 118 Florida, use of RAP for HMA, 160 For-hire transportation services, 36, 42–44, 57–58, 111 Former East Bloc countries carbon dioxide emissions, xxv, 221, 225 reliance on rail transport, 226 Former Soviet Union. See also Russia carbon dioxide emissions, 225–226 oil reserves, 90 transportation expansion potential, 88 FRA. See Federal Railroad Administration France accident fatality rate, 71–72 carbon dioxide emissions, 221, 224 leaded gasoline use, 214 mobile source emissions, 209 particulate matter emissions, 213 traffic growth, 207–208 transportation approaches to lowering emissions in Grenoble, 212 vehicle-kilometers per capita, 225 Freight movement CFS results, xiv–xv, 15–16 domestic, 16–19 growth of, xiv–xv, 14–15 intermodal, 18–19 international, 19–21 overlap with passenger travel, 21, 24 trucks and trains, 14, 16–17, 87, 95, 101, 103 water and pipelines, 17–18 worldwide growth of, 88–89 FTP. See Federal Test Procedure Functional Capacity Index, 83 G Gas. See Gasoline; Natural gas Gasoline. See also Reformulated gasoline; Oxygenation of fuel carbon dioxide production, 144 credits to refiners to reduce leaded gasoline production, 126 lead as additive, xxv, 214, 215 leaks and spills, xxi, xxii–xxiii, 117 nonpetroleum components, 97, 98, 111 retail prices, 95 GDP. See Gross domestic product Gender and drowsiness/fatigue-related crashes, 76 Geographic Information Systems Center, 112–113 Germany. See Western Germany GHG. See Greenhouse gases GIS. See Geographic Information Systems Center Government expenditures and revenues, 251. See also United States; specific agencies and departments by name categories of revenues, 53 expenditures, xvi–xvii, 51–53 priorities, 52–53
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Page 300: physical condition and performance,
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