table of contents - Research and Innovative Technology ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A METROPOLITAN PERSPECTIVE 8-1: Transportation Emissions for Selected Areas, 1985–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 8-2: Pollutant Concentrations in Selected Areas, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8-3: Number of PSI Days Greater Than 100 for Selected Areas, 1985–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 8-4: Mean Travel Times to Work in Selected Areas, 1980–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8-5: Roadway Congestion Index, 1982–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8-6: Transportation Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8-7: Effectiveness and Cost of Transportation Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8-8: Average Vehicle-Miles Traveled at Different Levels of Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TRANSPORTATION AND AIR POLLUTION 9-1: World Motor Vehicle Fleet, 1970–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 9-2: Road Traffic Volume in OECD Countries, 1970–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 9-3: Unleaded Gasoline as a Percentage of Motor Gasoline Consumption in Selected Countries, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 9-4: Vehicle Registrations and Population in Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 9-5: CO 2 Emissions from Transportation Energy Use in Selected Countries, 1990 . . . . . . . . 223 9-6: Mobile Source CO 2 Emissions by Region, 1971–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 A APPENDIX A: AN OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. COMMERCIAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY A1: U.S. Share of Total International and World Passenger Traffic and Revenue Passenger-Miles: 1979–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 A2: Commercial Passenger and Freight Airlines in the United States, November 1995 . . . 233 A3: Passenger Transportation Trends, 1980–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 A4: Freight Transportation Trends, 1980–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 A5: Passengers and Fares for the Top 20 Domestic Origin and Destination Markets, Third Quarter Period, 1979–95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 xii
STATEMENT OF THE DIRECTOR AS DIRECTED BY THE INTERMODAL SURFACE TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY ACT (ISTEA), THE BUREAU OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS (BTS) PREPARES AN ANNUAL COMPREHENSIVE ASSESS- MENT OF THE NATION’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS. THIS DOCUMENT IS THE THIRD SUCH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS. Transportation, by moving goods to where they are required and people to where they wish to go, is a vital component of all products and services produced in an economy. By expanding the markets for goods and labor, transportation promotes regional specialization, large-scale production, interregional and international trade, personal mobility, and social interactions. Consequently, in a large and affluent industrialized country such as the United States, transportation is a vast enterprise. The U.S. transportation system comprises an extensive physical network of highways, railroads, transit systems, pipelines, waterways, ports, and airports, in addition to the industries that produce and maintain the vehicles (e.g., motor vehicles, ships, planes, bicycles) that use the physical network; the providers and arrangers of for-hire transportation services; and the agencies that administer transportation programs. Transportation is thus a broad and important economic sector, accounting for about 11 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 1994, roughly comparable to health (14 percent), food (12 percent), and education (7 percent). Part I of this report surveys the state of the transportation system in the United States. It opens with an assessment of the nature, patterns, and trends in the use of the transport system for passenger and freight movements, as xiii
Page 2 and 3: Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Page 4 and 5: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
Page 6 and 7: 5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
Page 10 and 11: 9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
Page 14 and 15: well as the condition and performan
Page 16 and 17: cance of transportation is comparab
Page 18 and 19: U.S. society over the lifetime of p
Page 20 and 21: and compile statistical information
Page 22 and 23: onmental impacts focus on individua
Page 24 and 25: Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
Page 26 and 27: Part I The State of the Transportat
Page 28 and 29: 4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
Page 34 and 35: 10 � Transportation Statistics An
Page 58 and 59: To capture the rich interplay betwe
Page 60 and 61: Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
Page 62 and 63:
kinds of transportation services co
Page 64 and 65:
counted as products of the manufact
Page 66 and 67:
worth of industrial output to final
Page 68 and 69:
Measures of Transportation’s Impo
Page 70 and 71:
New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
Page 72 and 73:
Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
Page 76 and 77:
federal funds spent on transit, rai
Page 78 and 79:
The total collections from all thes
Page 80 and 81:
classified under the industry in wh
Page 82 and 83:
The airline industry is using fewer
Page 84 and 85:
that businesses that once depended
Page 86 and 87:
Millions of current dollars Annual
Page 88 and 89:
C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
Page 90 and 91:
Risk exposure means that the more a
Page 92 and 93:
fatality rate will continue to decl
Page 94 and 95:
more than $14 billion in health car
Page 96 and 97:
in terms of fatalities per distance
Page 98 and 99:
that figure had dropped to 14 perce
Page 100 and 101:
ed duty/sleep periods before their
Page 102 and 103:
more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
Page 104 and 105:
Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
Page 106 and 107:
The lack of accurate, comprehensive
Page 108 and 109:
_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
Page 110 and 111:
88 � Transportation Statistics An
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
100 � Transportation Statistics A
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
tion accounts for about one-ninth o
Page 140 and 141:
cases the results have fallen short
Page 142 and 143:
� Water Pollution The major sourc
Page 144 and 145:
vehicles significantly lower the pe
Page 146 and 147:
Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
Page 148 and 149:
such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
Page 150 and 151:
C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
Page 152 and 153:
CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
Page 154 and 155:
Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
Page 156 and 157:
highway vehicles emit only half the
Page 158 and 159:
7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
Page 160 and 161:
1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
Page 162 and 163:
new CAAA regulations required a red
Page 164 and 165:
that without the improvement, VOC e
Page 166 and 167:
fuels are derived from natural gas
Page 168 and 169:
Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
Page 170 and 171:
The Strategic Targeting and Respons
Page 172 and 173:
EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
Page 174 and 175:
� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
Page 176 and 177:
Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
Page 178 and 179:
iron, and other metals, and greater
Page 180 and 181:
Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
Page 182 and 183:
� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
Page 184 and 185:
Netherlands employ compensatory pro
Page 186 and 187:
Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
Page 188 and 189:
Developing the information needed f
Page 190 and 191:
_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Appendices
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
AAMVA American Association of Motor
Page 282 and 283:
ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
Page 284 and 285:
U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
Page 286 and 287:
A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
Page 288 and 289:
C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
Page 290 and 291:
Energy efficiency combination truck
Page 292 and 293:
evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
Page 294 and 295:
Malaysia emissions control efforts,
Page 296 and 297:
energy demand projections, 95 exter
Page 298 and 299:
Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
Page 300:
physical condition and performance,
show all

table of contents - Research and Innovative Technology ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?