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Re-use Waste tire inventory Processed tire products Processed rubber products Crumb rubber for pavements Playground gravel substitute Sludge composting Split tire products Used export Whole tire applications Reefs and breakwaters Playground equipment Erosion control Highway crash barriers Landfill (whole and shredded) Stockpile Illegal dumping Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and the U.S. Transportation System � 159 FIGURE 7-14: DISPOSITION OF U.S. SCRAP TIRES, 1990 10 million tires 0.3 (0.1%) Vehicles Retread 16 (6.6%) 12 (5.0%) Combustion Powerplants Tire plants Cement plants Pulp and paper mills Small package boilers 25.9 (10.7%) 187.8 (77.6%) New tires 33.5 million tires 242 million tires (100%) SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Summary of Markets for Scrap Tires (Washington, DC: 1991).
160 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 the total amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) generated each year. A 1994 estimate put the quantity of RAP at about 45 million metric tons per year. A study by FHWA published in 1979 estimated that 90.5 million metric tons were removed annually. (USDOT FHWA 1995, 6) The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that more than 80 percent of removed asphalt pavement is reused in highway applications, and less than 20 percent is placed in landfills. (USDOT FHWA 1995, 6, 13) Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Reclaimed asphalt pavement is used for, among other things, resurfacing, aggregate for roadway and shoulder base, shoulder surfacing and widening, driveway maintenance, surfacing under traffic barriers, ditch linings, and pavement repairs. RAP is typically recycled in three ways: HMA prepared off-site at a plant, hot inplace recycling (HIPR), and cold in-place recycling (CIPR). An estimated one-third of the RAP generated annually is used in HMA production. (USDOT FHWA 1995, 13) RAP content in recycled HMA produced with conventional technology typically is in the range of 10 to 20 percent. Hot mix materials with a far higher RAP content can be produced, however, without adverse engineering or significant environmental problems. (USDOT FHWA and USEPA 1993, 27) The initial construction cost of HMA recycling projects can be 15 to 30 percent less than traditional paving approaches. (USDOT FHWA and USEPA 1993, 14) Savings vary depending on project and plant location, materials availability and proximity, and asphalt cement prices. Since most recycling projects are relatively recent, adequate performance data for estimating life-cycle costs is often not available. According to the National Asphalt Pavement Association, almost half of the HMA producers in the United States used some recycled asphalt in 1986. More recently, FHWA reported that, among state highway agencies that responded to a request for information, the use of RAP for HMA ranged from 7 percent in Texas to 75 percent in Florida. (USDOT FHWA 1995, 6) HIPR is an on-site process to rehabilitate existing pavement. The existing pavement is heated and milled, mixed with new material, placed, and compacted by the recycling train. Currently, this technique only is used to remedy problems with the surface course on pavement not needing structural improvement. According to the American Recycling and Reclaiming Association (ARRA), HIPR was used to recycle approximately 545,000 metric tons of RAP in 1991. The cost of using this technique has varied significantly from a 16 percent increase over conventional methods to a 40 percent savings, with recent reports finding cost savings of less than 10 percent. (USDOT FHWA 1995, 16) In another on-site process, CIPR, the existing pavement is milled, mixed, and placed without added heating. The placed material is then cured, compacted, cured again, and covered with a wearing surface. ARRA estimates that 2,060,000 metric tons of RAP were processed using this technology in 1991. (USDOT FHWA 1995) Reclaimed Concrete Pavement About 3 million metric tons of reclaimed concrete pavement are used annually. (USDOT FHWA 1995, 23) It is most commonly used as an aggregate subbase or base course, but at least two states reported use in hot mix asphalt.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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Page 138 and 139: tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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Page 144 and 145: vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Page 148 and 149: such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
Page 150 and 151: C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
Page 152 and 153: CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
Page 154 and 155: Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
Page 156 and 157: highway vehicles emit only half the
Page 158 and 159: 7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
Page 160 and 161: 1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
Page 162 and 163: new CAAA regulations required a red
Page 164 and 165: that without the improvement, VOC e
Page 166 and 167: fuels are derived from natural gas
Page 168 and 169: Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
Page 170 and 171: The Strategic Targeting and Respons
Page 172 and 173: EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
Page 174 and 175: � Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
Page 178 and 179: iron, and other metals, and greater
Page 182 and 183: � Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Page 186 and 187: Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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