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16 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 the major destinations by value include Texas, Arizona, New York, Illinois, and Florida. California is among the major destinations of shipments from Maine. � Domestic Freight Transportation Trucks and Trains The growth of trucking has been dramatic. According to the Census Bureau’s Truck Inventory and Use Survey, the number of trucks increased 76 percent between 1982 and 1992, and the distance they traveled more than doubled (see table 1-3). While much of the growth Percent 100 �� 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 �� was in personal use vehicles, trucks used in forhire transportation increased by nearly 25 percent in number and over 50 percent in miles traveled during that period. Two-axle trucks are the most common commercial trucks, but travel fewer miles per vehicle than the combination trucks with one or more trailers that are so visible on major highways (see table 1-4). Combination trucks with more than one trailer traveled the farthest per vehicle in 1992, but generated far less total travel than single combination trucks (most typically a threeaxle tractor with a two-axle semi-trailer). The truck fleet appears to be getting heavier as well as traveling farther (see table 1-5). Between 1982 and 1992, trucks with operating weights FIGURE 1-8: VALUE, TONS, AND TON-MILES OF FREIGHT SHIPMENTS BY MODE, 1993 �� Other �� Water Rail Value Tons Ton-miles and unknown Other intermodal combinations Truck and rail Pipeline Air (including truck and air) Truck (for-hire, private, both) Parcel, postal, courier service SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “1993 Commodity Flow Survey: Preliminary Observations,” August 1995.
Percent 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 � � � �� above 80,000 lbs. increased in number by 181 percent and in miles traveled by 193 percent. Trucks below 33,000 lbs. increased 78 percent in number and 120 percent in miles traveled. Trucks of intermediate weight increased substantially less in numbers and miles traveled. In 1994, railroads carried the most originating tons in a decade. (AAR 1995b, 28) Of the 1.5 billion tons of freight originating on Class I carriers, coal accounted for 39 percent, chemicals and allied products for 10 percent, and farm products for 9 percent. (AAR 1995b, 29) Moreover, the average length of haul increased from 224 miles in 1944 to 817 miles in 1994. (AAR 1995b, 36) Rail freight flows are shown in figure 1-10. Particularly prominent are traditional eastwest oriented routes, especially in the West. Coal shipments explain the large east-west volumes through Wyoming and Nebraska and through Virginia and West Virginia. The map also shows the prominence of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)-supporting Chapter 1 Travel, the Movement of Freight, and the Transportation System � 17 FIGURE 1-9: VALUE, TONS, AND TON-MILES OF FREIGHT SHIPMENTS BY DISTANCE, 1993 Less than 50 �� Value Tons Ton-miles �� 50–99 100–249 250–499 500–749 750–999 1,000– 1,499 Great circle mileage a between origin and destination �� routes such as the routes between the Midwest and Texas. Water and Pipelines 1,500– 1,999 2,000 + a Great circle mileage is the shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere, lying in a plane that intersects the sphere's center. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “1993 Commodity Flow Survey: Preliminary Observations,” August 1995. �� Domestic waterborne freight transportation includes coastwise, internal, and lakewise movements. Coastwise movement is defined as domestic traffic with carriage over the ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. In 1994, 56 percent of ton-miles of domestic waterborne freight moved coastwise. Internal freight transportation is defined as traffic taking place solely on inland waterways, and accounted for 37 percent of ton-miles. Lakewise movement, 7 percent of freight-miles, is defined as domestic traffic between ports on the Great Lakes. Between 1970 and 1994, internal transport nearly doubled, while coastwise movement increased by 27 percent. Lakewise freight transport decreased 27 percent over this period. (US Army Corps of Engineers various years) The principal commodities moved by pipeline are oil and gas. Intercity ton-miles of oil moved
Page 2 and 3: Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Page 4 and 5: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
Page 6 and 7: 5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
Page 10 and 11: 9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
Page 12 and 13: 8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
Page 14 and 15: well as the condition and performan
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Page 18 and 19: U.S. society over the lifetime of p
Page 20 and 21: and compile statistical information
Page 22 and 23: onmental impacts focus on individua
Page 24 and 25: Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
Page 26 and 27: Part I The State of the Transportat
Page 28 and 29: 4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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Page 58 and 59: To capture the rich interplay betwe
Page 60 and 61: Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
Page 62 and 63: kinds of transportation services co
Page 64 and 65: counted as products of the manufact
Page 66 and 67: worth of industrial output to final
Page 68 and 69: Measures of Transportation’s Impo
Page 70 and 71: New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
Page 72 and 73: Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Page 76 and 77: federal funds spent on transit, rai
Page 78 and 79: The total collections from all thes
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Page 82 and 83: The airline industry is using fewer
Page 84 and 85: that businesses that once depended
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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88 � Transportation Statistics An
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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