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The total collections from all these revenuegenerating mechanisms rose from $10.0 billion in 1982 to $18.7 billion in 1992 (in 1982 dollars). In 1992, the bulk of federal transportation revenues (71.3 percent) came from the federal Highway Trust Fund, which is generated mostly by a tax on highway vehicle fuels (see table 2-14) but also includes taxes on tires and truck, bus, and trailer sales. Highway trust revenue increased by 70 percent in real terms since 1982. The Airport and Airway Trust Fund and federal water receipts both increased more rapidly. The pipeline safety fund, instituted in 1987, now represents 0.05 percent, or $10 million of federal revenue (in 1982 dollars). Federal Trust Fund Revenue and Balances From the standpoint of changes in federal receipts, particularly the large federal trust funds, the period from 1982 to 1992 does not provide a very accurate picture because of a large dip in revenues in the early 1980s. Thus, a longer view of trust fund revenue balances is necessary. From 1977 to 1994, the tax revenue collected for the Highway Trust Fund and the Airport and Airway Trust Fund increased from $14.1 billion to $16.9 billion (in constant 1987 dollars), a 20 percent increase. Revenue fell sharply in the early 1980s to a low of $7.8 billion in 1981, but TABLE 2-14: FEDERAL REVENUE (IN MILLIONS OF CONSTANT 1982 DOLLARS) Chapter 2 Transportation and the Economy � 55 recovered by 1984. The trust fund dedicated to aviation increased the most in absolute terms over this period, almost doubling from $2.1 billion in 1977 to $4 billion in 1994, in constant 1987 dollars. The transit account of the Highway Trust Fund, started in 1983, collected $1.6 billion in 1994. The largest trust fund in terms of revenue, the highway account of the Highway Trust Fund, however, declined slightly from $11.9 to $11.3 billion in constant 1987 dollars. In current dollars, trust fund revenues increased from $7.9 billion in 1977 to $21.9 billion in 1994 (see figures 2-7 and 2-8). The trust fund balances—the unspent money in these accounts at the end of the year—declined in the late 1970s, grew substantially from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, but have since declined to approximately the same level (in real terms) in 1994 as in 1977. In constant 1987 dollars, from 1977 to 1994 the total cash balance in the Highway Trust Fund and the Airport and Airway Trust Fund declined by 5 percent from $24.6 billion in 1977 to $23.4 billion in 1994. The balances in the various funds fluctuated in different ways. The balance in the Airport and Airway Trust Funds grew by 65 percent from $5.8 billion in 1977 to $9.6 billion in 1994 (in constant 1987 dollars). By contrast, the balance in the highway account of the Highway Trust Mode 1982 1992 Percentage Change Federal Highway Trust Fund, Highway Account $7,822 78.2% $11,999 64.3% 53.4% Federal Highway Trust Fund, Transit Account n/a n/a $ 1,315 7.0% n/a Federal Airport and Airway Trust Fund $1,711 17.1% $ 4,285 22.9% 150% Total federal water receipts $474 4.7% $ 1,067 5.7% 125% Pipeline Safety Fund n/a n/a $ 10 0.05% n/a Total $10,008 100.0% $18,676 100.0% 86.6% SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Federal, State and Local Financial Statistics—Fiscal Years 1982–1992, DOT- VNTSC-BTS-95-2 (Washington, DC: 1995).
56 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 $20,000 ��Aviation �� Transit �� Highway �� 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1994 SOURCE: Based on data from the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. �� $16,000 �� $12,000 �� $8,000 �� $4,000 �� 0 $24,000 FIGURE 2-7: TRANSPORTATION TRUST FUND REVENUES, 1977–94 � � � FIGURE 2-8: TRANSPORTATION TRUST FUND REVENUES, 1977–94 $20,000 �� Aviation $16,000 �� Transit $12,000 �� Highway $8,000 �� $4,000 �� 0 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1994 SOURCE: Based on data from the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. �� Fund declined by 68 percent from $18.9 billion to $6.1 billion over this period. The transit account balance stood at $7.7 billion in 1994 (in 1987 dollars) (see figure 2-9). In current dollars the total balance in the two trust funds rose from $13.4 billion in 1977 to $30.4 billion in 1994 (see figure 2-10). (MILLIONS OF CONSTANT 1987 DOLLARS) �� (MILLIONS OF CURRENT DOLLARS) � � � �� Employment �� Transportation employment can be analyzed from either an industry or occupation perspective. For example, transportation occupations include vehicle operators in any industry. From an industry perspective, vehicle operators are
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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Page 70 and 71: New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Page 108 and 109: _____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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106 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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