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20 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 FIGURE 1-10: RAILROAD NETWORK SHOWING VOLUME OF FREIGHT, 1994 Railroad freight density Under 5 million gross tons (mgt) 5 to 20 mgt SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Carload Waybill Statistics: Territorial Distribution, Traffic and Revenue by Commodity Class (Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 1995). 20 to 40 mgt 40 to 100 mgt Over 100 mgt
BOX 1-1: INTERMODALISM In a departure from the transportation community’s historic focus on individual modes, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act recognized the growing importance of intermodalism. The term intermodalism is used in three ways. Most narrowly, it refers to containerization, piggyback service, and other technologies that provide the seamless movement of goods and people by more than one mode of transport. More broadly, intermodalism refers to providing connections among different modes, such as adequate highways to ports or bus feeder services to rail transit. In its broadest interpretation, intermodalism refers to a view of transportation in which individual modes work together or within their own niches to provide the user with the best choices of service, and in which the consequences on all modes of policies for a single mode are considered. In the past, this view was called balanced, integrated, or comprehensive transportation. Finally, Congress and others frequently use the term intermodalism as a synonym for multimodal transportation, without necessarily requiring an integrated approach. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) accepts the broadest interpretation of intermodalism in its philosophy, but prefers the middle ground in its use of the term. BTS collects and reports information on multimodal transportation systems, including both individual modes and intermodal combinations. Laredo (24 percent), and San Ysidro, California (11 percent). These patterns may change if the areas in which motor carriers can operate across the border are expanded (see figure 1-11). Until NAFTA, foreign trucks on both sides of the Mexico-U.S. border could operate only in a narrow commercial zone. A provision of NAFTA allows foreign trucks to operate in border states, although the implementation of this policy has been delayed. Chapter 1 Travel, the Movement of Freight, and the Transportation System � 21 While transborder land crossings are important, most international trade moves in and out of the United States through ports. Seaports handled international cargo valued at $517 billion in 1994, an increase of 81 percent from 1980. Figure 1-12 illustrates the geographic pattern of port activity. The concentrations of tonnage in Texas, Louisiana, Alaska, and the Delaware River arise in large part from petroleum products. Louisiana also handles a significant amount of grain. The large ports with the most general cargo are in the New York metropolitan area and California. The pattern of demand is shifting significantly among regions, as illustrated by the growth of intermodal container traffic through east coast and west coast ports. Since 1980, growing Pacific Rim trade has benefited west coast ports (see figure 1-13). In 1980, west coast ports accounted for about 24 percent of the value of U.S. oceanborne foreign trade, and east coast ports 41 percent. By 1993, west coast ports almost doubled their share to 45 percent, while the share handled by east coast ports declined to 38 percent. Where Passengers and Freight Meet Most highways, railways, airports, and seaports carry both passengers and freight, a source of efficiency and inefficiency. Joint use of the system allows for fuller utilization of the infrastructure. The overlap between passengers and freight on the transportation network, however, means competition for network space, scheduling conflicts, and possible safety, noise, congestion, and environmental problems. Trucks and cars share virtually all major roads. The exceptions, roads limited to passenger vehicles, include parkways, bus and highoccupancy-vehicle lanes, and some major
Page 2 and 3: Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Page 4 and 5: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
Page 6 and 7: 5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
Page 10 and 11: 9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
Page 12 and 13: 8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
Page 14 and 15: well as the condition and performan
Page 16 and 17: cance of transportation is comparab
Page 18 and 19: U.S. society over the lifetime of p
Page 20 and 21: and compile statistical information
Page 22 and 23: onmental impacts focus on individua
Page 24 and 25: Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
Page 26 and 27: Part I The State of the Transportat
Page 28 and 29: 4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
Page 34 and 35: 10 � Transportation Statistics An
Page 58 and 59: To capture the rich interplay betwe
Page 60 and 61: Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
Page 62 and 63: kinds of transportation services co
Page 64 and 65: counted as products of the manufact
Page 66 and 67: worth of industrial output to final
Page 68 and 69: Measures of Transportation’s Impo
Page 70 and 71: New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
Page 72 and 73: Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
Page 76 and 77: federal funds spent on transit, rai
Page 78 and 79: The total collections from all thes
Page 80 and 81: classified under the industry in wh
Page 82 and 83: The airline industry is using fewer
Page 84 and 85: that businesses that once depended
Page 86 and 87: Millions of current dollars Annual
Page 88 and 89: C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
Page 90 and 91: Risk exposure means that the more a
Page 92 and 93: fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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88 � Transportation Statistics An
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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