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evenues, 53–56 subsidies paid to operators of private systems, 51–52 total revenues, 54 trust funds, xvi–xvii, 54–56 Greenhouse gases, 120. See also Carbon dioxide international comparisons, 205, 220–226 sources, 117, 120, 144–145, 251 Grenoble, France, transportation approaches to lowering emissions, 212 Gross domestic product for-hire component, 36, 42–44, 111 share of transportation-related final demand, 36–39 transportation as component of, xv–xvi, 36–44, 108, 117, 207–208, 237 Transportation Satellite Account and, 42 transportation services as an intermediate input to industrial production, 36, 42–44 value-added origination and, 39, 41–42 Groundwater pollution. See Water and groundwater pollution H Habitats fragmentation of, 162–163 impact of transportation on, xxi, 112, 122 HAPs. See Hazardous air pollutants Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund, 54 Hazardous air pollutants, 143. See also Air pollution Hazardous materials, transportation of, 118, 148, 161–162 Helmet use, 69, 78 Helsinki, Finland, transportation approaches to lowering emissions, 212 Highway Trust Fund, xvi, 54, 55–56 Highway vehicles air pollution comparison study, 166 air quality trends, 177–186, 206–208 automobile shredder residue, 157 carbon monoxide source, 135, 175 CFCs in air conditioners of, 145, 184 criteria pollutant source, 131–132 decline in vehicle occupancy rates, 101 in developing nations, 216 drowsy driver crashes, 76 emissions estimates for 13 metropolitan statistical areas, 175 emissions rates, 182–185, 206–208 energy efficiency, xviii–xix, 92 energy use projections, xviii, 95 fatalities, injuries, and accidents, xvii, xviii, 67–69, 71 fuel efficiency, 49 Index � 275 as GDP contribution, 39, 207–208 increase in number of, 7, 207 load factors, 101 new car costs, 48 nitrogen oxides source, 138, 175 noise from, 152 ownership and operating costs, 48–49 ownership rates in developing nations, 88, 218, 220 recycling, xxi, xxiii, 156–157 reduction in weight of, xxiii, 156–157 regional variation in expenditure, 45–46 scrapping of, xxi, xxiii, 117, 121, 156–157 single-occupant vehicles, 186, 189, 198, 199 transportation energy use, 89 travel patterns, 9–10 urban trip-taking, 177, 179 VOC source, 132, 135, 175 Highways facilities data, 109 Kobe, Japan, earthquake and, 31–32 land requirements for, 162 noise pollution source, 120 physical condition and performance, xv, 25 HIPR. See Hot in-place recycling HMA. See Hot mix asphalt Hong Kong, emissions control efforts, 217 Hot in-place recycling, 160 Hot mix asphalt, 158, 160 Houston, TX proportion of emissions attributable to highway vehicles, 175, 177 vehicle-miles per capita rate, 181 Hub-and-spoke airline route system, 236, 240, 242–244, 247 Human fatigue, xviii measures to combat, 77–78 modal comparisons, 75–77 scheduling and, 77, 79 I ICC. See Interstate Commerce Commission IEA. See International Energy Agency I/M programs. See Inspection and maintenance programs India air quality, 215 car ownership growth, 220 carbon dioxide emissions, 225 motor vehicle use, 216 nonmotorized transportation use, 222 small size of cars and engines, 226 traffic growth, 208 unleaded gasoline use, 217
276 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 Injuries. See Fatalities, injuries, and accidents Inland Waterway Trust Fund, 54 Inspection and maintenance programs, 135, 137, 183 Intelligent transportation systems, 81–82, 191, 257 Interagency Working Group on the Dredging Process, 156 Intercity buses physical condition and performance, 25–26 services data, 109 travel patterns, 10, 14 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, 21, 30, 88, 109, 118, 158, 185, 186 Congestion Pricing Pilot Program, 187 Intermodal transportation, 18–19, 21 International comparisons of air pollution air emissions in OECD countries, xxiv, 209–215, 223–225 carbon dioxide emissions, xxiv, xxv, 205, 206, 208, 223–226 carbon monoxide emissions, xxiv, 211–212 greenhouse gases, xxv, 220–226 lead emissions, xxv, 214 motor vehicle use and emissions trends, xxiv, 206–208 non-OECD countries, xxv, 215–220 nonmotorized transportation use, 220, 222 NOx emissions, xxiv, 213 particulate emissions, 213–214 sulfur dioxide emissions, 214–215 VOC emissions, 213 International Energy Agency energy efficiency improvement projections, 95 non-OECD country fuel consumption, 226 traffic growth report, 208 International freight transportation, value of commodities moved, 19, 21 Interstate Commerce Commission railroad mergers, 30–31 termination, 30, 113 transfer of responsibilities, 30, 113 Interstate Highway System, 254–255, 257 ISTEA. See Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act Italy carbon dioxide emissions, 221 fuel efficiency, 224 leaded gasoline use, 214 vehicle-kilometers per capita, 225 ITS. See Intelligent transportation systems J Japan average fuel consumption of passenger cars, 225 carbon dioxide emissions, 221 carbon monoxide emissions, 212 emissions control, 208, 211 emissions standards for new vehicles, 211 Kobe earthquake, xv, 31–32 NOx emissions, 213 unleaded gasoline use, xxv, 214 K Kobe, Japan, earthquake, xv, 31–32 L Labor costs, 58–59, 62 Land use, 250 conversion of rural land to urban uses, 118, 122 highway infrastructure and, 195, 198 metropolitan air quality and, 196–197, 198 noise control and, 152 TOD, 196–197 transportation infrastructure impact on, 117–118, 121–122 transportation infrastructure requirements, 162 transportation interaction with, 163–164 urban sprawl, 122, 127 Lap/shoulder belts, 78 Lawn and garden equipment carbon monoxide source, 136 VOC source, 137 Lead from batteries, 157 distance from source of, 206 EPA standard for, 131 health effects of exposure to, 120 international comparison of emissions, 214, 215, 217 pollution source, xxii, 138 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks program, 148 Light trucks. See Highway vehicles Local government expenditures and revenues. See Government expenditures and revenues Los Angeles, CA frequency of unhealthful air, xxiii–xxiv, 177, 252 transit share, 180 LUTRAQ. See “Making the Land-Use, Transportation, and Air Quality Connection” M “Making the Land-Use, Transportation, and Air Quality Connection,” 199
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Page 242 and 243: 222 � Transportation Statistics A
Page 248 and 249: Appendices
Page 280 and 281: AAMVA American Association of Motor
Page 282 and 283: ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
Page 284 and 285: U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
Page 286 and 287: A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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Page 290 and 291: Energy efficiency combination truck
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Page 298 and 299: Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
Page 300: physical condition and performance,
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