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energy demand projections, 95 external costs of transportation-related air pollution, 122 transportation fatalities, 71–72 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See also Oil dependence; Oil prices oil reserves, 90 production rates, 90 reliance on, 87 share of world crude oil market, 90 Oxygenation of fuel, 135, 137, 183 Ozone, xxii, 119, 120, 174 enhanced inspection/maintenance programs and, 137 EPA standard for, 131 formation of, 136 meteorological conditions and, 136 mobile sources, 136–138 P Pakistan, car tuning program, 218 Particulate matter EPA standard for, 131 international comparison of emissions, 213–214, 215 international measurement differences, 213 pollution source, 119–120, 138–140 Passenger travel air travel, 10 annual passenger-miles per person, 5 demographic changes and, 8–9 factors in growth of, 6–9 geographic distribution, 8 highway vehicle travel, 9–10 international, 6 long-distance travel, 6 metropolitan populations and, 8 overlap with freight movement, 21, 24 patterns of travel, 9–14 sources of growth, xiv, 6–9 transit, trains, and intercity buses, 10, 14, 109 trip lengths, 5–6 water transportation, 14 Patterns of travel air travel, 10 bicycle travel, 14 highway vehicle travel, 9–10 pedestrian travel, 14 transit, trains, and intercity buses, 10, 14 water transportation, 14 Pedestrians accident fatalities and, 75 pedestrian friendly commercial areas, 196 travel patterns, 14, 222 Index � 279 Petroleum refinery industry transportation requirements, 43 VOC source, 137 Philadelphia, PA, frequency of unhealthful air, 177 Philippines, emissions control efforts, 217 Phoenix, AZ, number of unhealthful days, xxiv Pipeline Safety Fund, 54, 55 Pipelines land requirements for, 162 nondependence on petroleum as a fuel, 89 oil and gas, 17–18 physical condition and performance, 29–30 services data, 109 Pittsburgh, PA, number of unhealthful days, xxiv PM-10. See Particulate matter Portland, OR, transportation-land use link, 197, 199–202 Ports for cruise ships, 14 dredged sediment, 154, 155–156 facilities data, 109 international freight trade and, 21 Kobe, Japan, earthquake and, 32 land requirements for, 162 overlap of passenger and freight services and, 24 physical condition and performance, 29 R Rail-Highway Crossing Program, 80 Rail transportation. See also Railroad industry air pollution comparison study, 166 facilities data, 109 former East Bloc countries and, 226 freight transport, xvii, 14, 17, 87, 95, 101, 103, 166 intermodal, 18–19 Kobe, Japan, earthquake and, 32 load factor improvements, xix, 101, 103 noise pollution source, 120 passenger travel patterns, 10 physical condition and performance, xv, 28–29 railroad crossing accidents, 80–81 safety of, 71 services data, 109 Rail Waybill Data, 112 Railroad crossing accidents, 80–81 Railroad industry. See also Rail transportation deregulation and, xv, 61 expenditures and revenues, 61–62 labor costs, 62 1995 changes in, 30–31 operating performance and revenues, 62 time-sensitive freight movement, 61 RAP. See Reclaimed asphalt pavement
280 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 RECLAIM. See Regional clean air incentives market Reclaimed asphalt pavement, 160 Recreational boating, 14, 24 safety of, 71 Recreational boats carbon monoxide source, 136 increase in ownership of, 14 VOC source, 137 Recycling, xxi, xxiii, 121, 148, 154, 156–157, 158 Reformulated gasoline, 88, 96, 97–98, 183. See also Gasoline; Oxygenation of fuel Regional clean air incentives market, 126 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey, 111 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 118, 148 Revenue passenger-miles, 231, 232, 233, 237, 239 Revenues. See Government expenditures and revenues RFG. See Reformulated gasoline Road dust, 111–112, 139–140 RPMs. See Revenue passenger-miles Rubber modified hot mix asphalt, 158 RUMAC. See Rubber modified hot mix asphalt Runoff, 121, 127, 146, 149 Russia. See also Former Soviet Union unleaded gasoline use, 217 S Sacramento, CA, TOD design guidelines, 197 Safety. See Transportation safety San Diego, CA, TOD design guidelines, 197 San Francisco, CA proportion of emissions attributable to highway vehicles, 175, 177 transit share, 180 San Francisco Bay (CA) Area, suburban tract development study, 197 SCAQMD. See South Coast Air Quality Management District School buses, passenger-miles on, 14 Seat belts, 78 The Seychelles, carbon dioxide emissions, 226 SIC. See Standard Industrial Classification Singapore emissions control efforts, 217, 218 unleaded gasoline use, 215 Sleep disorders, accidents and, 75 SO 2. See Sulfur dioxide Sobriety checkpoints, 74 Solid waste asphalt and concrete pavement, xxii, xxiii, 154, 158, 160 dredged sediment, 154, 155–156 fee rebate systems, 126 hazardous materials, 154, 161–162 highway vehicle scrappage, xxi, xxiii, 117, 121, 154, 156–157 lead-acid batteries, 157 sources, xxiii, 117, 154 tires, xxi, 121, 126, 158 South Coast Air Quality Management District, 188, 190 South Korea carbon dioxide emissions, 225 carbon monoxide emissions, 216–217 emissions control efforts, 217 small size of cars and engines, 226 unleaded gasoline use, xxv, 214, 217 Soviet Union. See Former Soviet Union; Russia Spain, unleaded gasoline use, 214 Speed limits, 69 Standard Industrial Classification, 42 STARS. See Strategic Targeting and Response System State government expenditures and revenues. See Government expenditures and revenues Stockholm, Sweden, transportation approaches to lowering emissions, 212 Strategic Highway Corridor Network, 30 Strategic Targeting and Response System, 149 Sulfur dioxide EPA standard for, 131 international comparison of emissions, 214–215 pollution source, xxii, 140–141 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, 118, 148 Surface Transborder Freight Data program, 112 Surface Transportation Board, 30, 113 Suspended particulate matter. See Particulate matter Sustainable development, 119, 127 T Taiwan emissions control efforts, 217 two- and three-wheel vehicle growth, 220 Taxis out-of-town consumer spending on, 47 TCMs. See Transportation control measures Texas, use of RAP for HMA, 160 Texas Transportation Institute, congestion index of U.S. cities, 181–182 Thailand emissions control efforts, 217 leaded gasoline use, 215 motor vehicle use, 216 two- and three-wheel vehicle growth, 220
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Page 248 and 249: Appendices
Page 280 and 281: AAMVA American Association of Motor
Page 282 and 283: ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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Page 300: physical condition and performance,
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