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fatality rate will continue to decline will depend on many factors, as discussed below. Highway travel will inevitably increase in the future, however, thereby increasing accident risk, all else being equal. A complicating factor for future analysis will be the greater variation among the states in speed limit and other policies relevant to safety. Congress, in the 1995 National Highway System Designation Act, authorized states to set their own policies about speed limits and about whether to require motorcyclists to wear helmets. How the states respond will be an important highway safety issue in the coming years. Chapter 3 Transportation and Safety � 69 Commuter Rail-highway Rail Gas and Air air b and General Motor grade rapid Waterborne Recreational liquid Year carrier a air taxi c aviation d vehicle Railroad e crossings f transit g transport h boating pipelines 1960 499 — 787 36,399 924 — — — 819 — 1965 261 — 1,029 47,089 923 — — — 1,360 — 1970 146 100 1,310 52,627 785 — — 178 1,418 26 1975 122 97 1,252 44,525 575 917R — 243 1,466 21 1980 1 142 1,239 51,091 584 833 83 206 1,360 19R 1985 526 113 955 43,825 454 582 17 131 1,116 31 1990 39 56 766 44,599 599 698 117 85 865 9R 1991 50 150 785R 41,508 586 608 103 30 924 14 1992 33 91 860R 39,250 591 579 91 105 816 15R 1993 1 66 737R 40,150 653 626 83R 95R 800 17R 1994P 239 89 706 40,676 611 615 76 52 784 22 a Large carriers operating under 14 CFR 121, all scheduled and nonscheduled service. b All scheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (commuter air carriers). c Nonscheduled service operating under 14 CFR 135 (on-demand air taxis). d All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135. e Includes fatalities resulting from train and nontrain accidents. f Includes pedestrian fatalities not otherwise counted. Motor vehicle fatalities at grade crossings are also counted in the motor vehicle column. g Reporting criteria and source of data changed between 1989 and 1990. Starting in 1990, fatality figures include those occurring throughout the transit station, including nonpatrons. h Vessel casualties only. KEY: R = revised; P = preliminary. TABLE 3-4: FATALITIES BY TRANSPORTATION MODE, 1960–94 SOURCES: Motor vehicles—historical data provided by U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. All other modes— various sources, as compiled and cited in U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 1996 (Washington, DC: November 1995). � Costs of Transportation Crashes The personal, social, and economic costs of transportation accidents include pain and suffering, direct costs sustained by injured people and their insurers, and, for many crash victims, a lower standard of living or quality of life. The taxpayer and society may be burdened by health care costs not paid by individuals or insurers, lost productivity and associated loss of tax revenues, and public assistance for injured people. The total economic costs to U.S. society over the lifetime of people killed or injured in 1990 transportation crashes is estimated at over $135 billion. (USDOT NHTSA 1993) This includes
70 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 Index (1981 = 100) FIGURE 3-2: INDICATORS OF MOTOR VEHICLE USE AND FATALITY RATE, 1981–94 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1994 KEY: vmt = vehicle-miles traveled. Total vmt Vehicles registered Licensed drivers Fatality rate per 100 million vmt SOURCES: Fatality rate—U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transportation Statistics 1996 (Washington, DC: November 1995). Total vmt, vehicles registered, licensed drivers—U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 1994, FHWA-PL-95-042 (Washington, DC: October 1995). U.S. air carrier General aviation Motor vehicle Railroad Recreational boating Year (per 100 million miles flown) (per 100,000 hours flown) (per 100 million vehicle-miles) (per million train-miles) a (per 100,000 numbered boats) b 1960 0.864 6.49 5.06 — 32.8 1965 0.329 6.54 5.30 — 21.3 1970 0.002 5.04 4.74 0.94 19.2 1975 0.069 4.35 3.36 0.76 20.1 1980 0.000 3.40 3.35 0.81 15.8 1985 0.073 3.37 2.47 0.80 11.6 1990 0.009 2.69R 2.08 0.98 7.8 1991 0.011 c 2.88R 1.91 1.02 8.3 1992 0.007 3.61R 1.75 1.00 7.3 1993 0.000 d 3.28 1.75 1.06 7.1 1994 0.046 3.36P 1.73 0.93 6.9 a Calculated as total railroad fatalities (from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents) per million train-miles. b The Coast Guard changed its methodology for calculating the number of boats in 1994. The numbers have been updated from 1975 to 1994. The figures cited here represent numbered boats. c Does not include 12 persons killed on a commuter aircraft that collided with an airliner. d Figure does not reflect one fatality. KEY: R = revised; P = preliminary. TABLE 3-5: FATALITY RATES BY TRANSPORTATION MODE, 1960–94 SOURCES: Motor vehicles—U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. All other modes—various sources, as compiled and cited in U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 1996 (Washington, DC: November 1995).
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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Page 64 and 65: counted as products of the manufact
Page 66 and 67: worth of industrial output to final
Page 68 and 69: Measures of Transportation’s Impo
Page 70 and 71: New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
Page 72 and 73: Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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Page 78 and 79: The total collections from all thes
Page 80 and 81: classified under the industry in wh
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Page 86 and 87: Millions of current dollars Annual
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Page 90 and 91: Risk exposure means that the more a
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Page 100 and 101: ed duty/sleep periods before their
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Page 106 and 107: The lack of accurate, comprehensive
Page 108 and 109: _____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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Page 138 and 139: tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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172 � Transportation Statistics A
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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