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Malaysia emissions control efforts, 217 unleaded gasoline use, 215 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, 155 Marine vessels. See also Water transportation diesel engine emissions, 138 physical condition and performance, 29 role of fatigue in marine crashes, 77 toxic air pollutant source, 143 Maritime Administration overlap of passenger and freight services and, 24 Maritime industry. See Marine vessels; Recreational boating; Water transportation Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether, 97, 98 Metropolitan air quality. See also Air pollution commuting patterns and, 172 decentralization of metropolitan areas and, 179–181, 193–194 emissions and, 173–177, 182–185 metropolitan statistical areas, 171–172 nonattainment areas, xxiii–xxiv, 174–175, 185–186 Portland, OR, transportation/land-use link, 199–202 real-world versus expected emission rates, 183, 184–185 road vehicles and, 177–186 suburb growth and, 172 traffic congestion and, 181–182, 194–195 transportation control measures, xxiv, 171, 186–191 transportation trends, 177, 179–182 urban form and infrastructure, 191–197 urban sprawl and, 193–194 variables, 175, 177 Metropolitan areas. See Urban areas Metropolitan statistical areas, 171–172 Mexico age of vehicles, 218 car ownership growth, 220 emissions control efforts, 217 motor vehicle use, 216 unleaded gasoline use, 214, 215, 217 Miami, FL frequency of unhealthful air, 177 metropolitan population growth, 172 Milan, Italy, transportation approaches to lowering emissions, 212 Motor oil. See also Oil improper disposal of, 146, 148 recycling of, 148 Motor vehicles. See Highway vehicles Index � 277 Motorcycles alcohol use by motorcyclists, 73 helmet use, 69, 78 safety of, 71 MPRSA. See Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act MSAs. See Metropolitan statistical areas MTBE. See Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether N NAAQS. See National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement National Academy of Sciences, 105 Transportation Research Board, 185 National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 130, 173, 174–175, 185 National Asphalt Pavement Association, 160 National Environmental Policy Act, 118, 126 National Highway System, xv, 30, 80, 109 National Highway System Designation Act, 30, 69, 158 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 110. See also U.S. Department of Transportation driver fatigue study, 76 lap/shoulder belt study, 78 National Income and Products Accounts, xx, 36, 41, 43 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems, 28 National Research Council, contaminated sediment study, 155 National Transit Database, 14 National Transportation Safety Board commuter airline safety study, 79 role of fatigue in single-vehicle heavy-truck accidents, 76–77 National Transportation Statistics 1996, xxv transportation employment data for 1994 and earlier, 58 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, 112, 177, 179 annual number of trips per person, 5 average number of persons per vehicle, 101 Natural gas alternative fuel source, 144–145 pipeline incidents, 30 pipeline transport of, 17–18 The Netherlands carbon monoxide emissions, 212 habitat replacement program, 163 mobile source emissions, 209 particulate matter emissions, 213 vehicle-kilometers per capita, 225
278 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 VOC emissions, 213 New York, NY number of unhealthful days, xxiv transit share, 180 New Zealand, leaded gasoline use, 214 NHS. See National Highway System NHTSA. See National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Nigeria, per capita car ownership, 207 1995 Status of the Nation’s Surface Transportation System: Condition and Performance, 25, 29 NIPA. See National Income and Products Accounts Nitrogen dioxide EPA standard for, 131 increase in concentrations of, 130 pollution source, xxii Nitrogen oxides, xxii, 119, 138, 174 Divisia Analysis, 143 international comparison of emissions, 213, 216 NO 2. See Nitrogen dioxide Noise barriers, 152 Noise Control Act, 118, 127, 152 Noise pollution aircraft noise, 153–154 control methods, 152 estimates of, 150, 152 health effects, 152 hearing loss and, 152 highway noise, 152 measurement of, 150 sources, 117, 120 transportation impact on, xxiii, 111, 112, 120 as unintended consequence of transportation, 250 The Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Nuisance Species Prevention and Control Act, 118 Nonmotorized transportation, 14, 220, 222 Non-OECD countries. See also Former East Bloc countries; specific countries by name age of vehicles, 217–218 air quality, 215–216 carbon dioxide emissions, xxv, 205, 223, 225–226 emissions control, xxv, 208, 217–218 motorization trends, 218–220 oil dependence, 90 passenger vehicles imported from OECD countries, 207 per capita car ownership, 88, 207, 218, 220 road network growth, 220 share of world’s vehicle fleet, 207 transportation emissions, xxv, 216–217 transportation energy use, 88 North American Free Trade Agreement foreign trucks operating in border states, 21 freight transport routes, 17 top border crossings, 19, 21 value of commodities transported, 19 Northridge, CA, earthquake, compared with Kobe, Japan, earthquake, xv, 31, 32 NO x. See Nitrogen oxides NPTS. See Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey NTSB. See National Transportation Safety Board O O 3. See Ozone Occupant protection devices, 78 OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD countries. See also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; specific countries by name air emissions, xxiv, 209–215 car ownership, xxiv, 224 carbon dioxide emissions, xxiv, 205, 208, 222–225 emissions control, xxiv, 208 emissions standards for new vehicles, 211 number of motor vehicles, xxiv, 207 traffic growth, 207–208 transportation approaches in several European cities, 212 Office of Airline Information data on air carrier on-time performance, 27, 112 establishment of, 112, 113 Oil leaks and spills, xxi, xxii–xxiii, 54, 117, 121, 146–148 pipeline transport of, 17–18 Oil dependence industrial consumption, 91 residential and commercial building use, 91 transportation use, 91 U.S. reliance on imported petroleum, xix, 91, 146, 186, 250–251, 253 worldwide consumption increase, 90 Oil Pollution Act, 118, 146 Oil prices collapse of 1986, xix, 91, 95 shocks of 1973–74 and 1979–80, 89, 95, 100, 253 Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, 54 OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Operation Lifesaver, 80 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See also OECD countries air pollution emissions data, 209–215
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Page 244 and 245: 224 � Transportation Statistics A
Page 248 and 249: Appendices
Page 280 and 281: AAMVA American Association of Motor
Page 282 and 283: ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
Page 284 and 285: U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
Page 286 and 287: A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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Page 290 and 291: Energy efficiency combination truck
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Page 298 and 299: Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
Page 300: physical condition and performance,
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