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such as the Clean Air Act and Amendments and the Noise Control Act of 1972 (see table 6-1). To be effective in this complex environment, accurate and comprehensive sources of data and information on the environmental impacts of transportation are needed. Moreover, data need to be understandable and available to the public. To this end some have suggested the development of a series of performance indicators for environmental quality. (President’s Council on Sustainable Development 1996) A good deal of progress in data collection and dissemination has been made over the past 25 years, particularly in the realm of air quality. A nationwide air monitoring system records daily variations in air quality. Moreover, through the Travel Model Improvement Program, the Department of Transportation (DOT), EPA, and the Department of Energy are working to improve travel forecasting procedures in order to respond to environmental and other concerns. (USDOT USEPA USDOE 1996) To advance our understanding of air quality, EPA recently has taken steps to improve its estimation of motor vehicle emissions in real-world conditions. DOT and EPA are charged with preparing triennial reports on air quality-related transportation programs, called for by Section 108(f)(3) of the Clean Air Act. The studies assess existing state and local programs, including adequacy of funding, and the extent to which DOT air qualityrelated transportation programs comply with and meet goals of the Clean Air Act. The first report was issued in 1993 (USDOT and USEPA 1993); the second is expected in 1996. Unfortunately, other aspects of environmental quality are less well documented. Until recently, EPA’s inventory of toxic emissions focused on manufacturing, making it of little use for understanding transportation emissions. Data is even scantier, in general, for transportation-related impacts on surface and groundwater resources, animal habitats, and land use. For instance, the nationwide effects of groundwater contaminants Chapter 6 Environmental Impacts of Transportation � 127 from highway runoff—including oil, antifreeze, and salt—are largely unknown. And more needs to be known about the interactions between transportation and land use, particularly in terms of what is dubbed the “costs of sprawl.” Impacts of transportation on biodiversity are also poorly understood. Finally, a weakness of environmental data is that it does not show the real impact of the pollutants produced by transportation. To what extent does transportation pollution damage human health? What are the effects of transportation pollution on crop yields? How and to what extent do transportation activities affect ecosystems? These are difficult questions, but they must be answered in order to assess the actual environmental impact resulting from transportation. Such an effort will likely be an important part of developing indicators of progress toward sustainability. Proponents of such an approach have proposed goals of sustainability like the conservation of nature, stewardship of natural resources, and health and the environment. One indicator of the conservation of nature might be the amount of wetlands and other habitat loss. Resource stewardship indicators might reflect measures of materials consumption, waste reduction (including recycling), energy efficiency, and renewable resources. Indicators of progress on health and the environment might include estimates of the number of people living with unhealthy air and water. The environment is only part of the sustainable development equation. The other equally critical component is to encourage development that meets the needs of current and future generations. Hence, some argue that ways need to be found to weigh the unintended consequences of transportation against its benefits. These include not only environmental damage but fatalities and injuries from crashes. For this reason some are now proposing a full-cost accounting in order to measure the full social costs and
128 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 benefits of transportation (see appendix B). Clearly, this places an even greater emphasis on the ability to collect data on the wide range of transportation impacts. Moreover, full-cost accounting raises difficult issues with regard to costing things such as ecosystem damage, the destruction of species, and people’s lives. Yet, such an enterprise, while difficult and expensive, promises to help distribute resources in the most productive and efficient possible way. References Delucchi, M.A. 1995. Institute for Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis. Personal communication. October. Hahn, H.H. and Pfeifer, R. 1994. The Contribution of Parked Vehicle Emissions to the Pollution of Urban Run-Off. The Science of the Total Environment 146/147. Holt, D.J. 1993. Recycling and the Automobile. Automotive Engineering 101:10. President’s Council on Sustainable Development. 1996. Sustainable America: A New Consensus for Prosperity, Opportunity, and a Healthy Environment for the Future. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. February. Quinet, E. 1989. Evaluation of the Social Cost of Transportation. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Transportation Research, Yokohama, Japan. Sperling, Daniel, and Shakeeh, Susan A., eds. 1995. Transportation and Energy: Strategies for a Sustainable Transportation System, prepared for the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). 1995. Environmental Policy Tools: A User’s Guide, OTA-ENV-634. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. September. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. 1987. Technical Summary: Sources and Migration of Highway Runoff Pollutants. U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USDOT and USEPA). 1993. Clean Air Through Transportation: Challenges in Meeting Air Quality Standards, A Joint Report of the United States Department of Transportation and Environmental Protection Agency Pursuant to Section 108(f)(3) of the Clean Air Act. Washington, DC. August. U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Energy (USDOT USEPA USDOE). 1996. Incorporating Feedback in Travel Forecasting: Methods, Pitfalls, and Common Concerns. Washington, DC. March. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1994. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1900-1993, EPA-454/R-94- 026. Washington, DC.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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Page 108 and 109: _____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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Page 150 and 151: C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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Page 180 and 181: Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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