table of contents - Research and Innovative Technology ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

246 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 Current dollars (millions) Percent �� 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 –2,000 –4,000 –6,000 –8,000 FIGURE A12: PASSENGER AND CARGO INDUSTRY CUMULATIVE OPERATING PROFIT AND NET INCOME, 1979–94 �Cumulative operating profit �Cumulative net income 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information data. 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 FIGURE A13: CORPORATE RETURN ON INVESTMENT FOR MAJOR PASSENGER AND FREIGHT AIR CARRIERS, 1979–94 Freight Passenger 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information data.
to robust growth in traffic, minimal overall capacity expansion, and better management of the full-fare passenger segment. Since 1979, industry load factors averaged between 58 and 67 percent. After a sharp drop between 1979 and 1980, load factors rose and reached 66 percent by 1994. As a consequence of these factors corporate return on investment remained unstable for both the passenger and freight sectors of the industry (see figure A-13). Labor Performance Airlines are using fewer employees to provide services to a growing number of passengers and volume of freight activity. Between 1980 and 1994, total enplanements increased by about 78 percent, but airline employment grew by only 18 percent. Thus, the ratio of enplaned passengers FIGURE A14: ENPLANED PASSENGERS PER EMPLOYEE FOR MAJOR AND NATIONAL AIRLINES, 1979–94 Number of passengers Appendix A: An Overview of the U.S. Commercial Airline Industry � 247 per employee rose by 51 percent over this period (see figure A-14). This striking increase in output per employee arises, in part, from the use of larger and faster aircraft, the computerization of passenger reservations, the hub-and-spoke structure, changes in work rules and practices, and changes in flight personnel requirements. Various yield management techniques adopted by the airlines after deregulation also may have improved labor productivity. Also during the period, operating revenues per employee significantly increased (see figure A-15). �� Fuel Efficiency �� 0 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 The airline industry is a major consumer of jet fuel and to a lesser extent aviation gasoline. Between 1979 and 1994, airline fuel efficiency 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 �� SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information data. Dollars (thousands) FIGURE A15: OPERATING REVENUES PER EMPLOYEE FOR MAJOR AND NATIONAL AIRLINES, 1979–94 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 �� 0 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information data.
Page 2 and 3:
Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Page 4 and 5:
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
Page 6 and 7:
5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
Page 8 and 9:
List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
Page 10 and 11:
9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
Page 12 and 13:
8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
Page 14 and 15:
well as the condition and performan
Page 16 and 17:
cance of transportation is comparab
Page 18 and 19:
U.S. society over the lifetime of p
Page 20 and 21:
and compile statistical information
Page 22 and 23:
onmental impacts focus on individua
Page 24 and 25:
Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
Page 26 and 27:
Part I The State of the Transportat
Page 28 and 29:
4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
10 � Transportation Statistics An
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
To capture the rich interplay betwe
Page 60 and 61:
Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
Page 62 and 63:
kinds of transportation services co
Page 64 and 65:
counted as products of the manufact
Page 66 and 67:
worth of industrial output to final
Page 68 and 69:
Measures of Transportation’s Impo
Page 70 and 71:
New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
Page 72 and 73:
Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
Page 76 and 77:
federal funds spent on transit, rai
Page 78 and 79:
The total collections from all thes
Page 80 and 81:
classified under the industry in wh
Page 82 and 83:
The airline industry is using fewer
Page 84 and 85:
that businesses that once depended
Page 86 and 87:
Millions of current dollars Annual
Page 88 and 89:
C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
Page 90 and 91:
Risk exposure means that the more a
Page 92 and 93:
fatality rate will continue to decl
Page 94 and 95:
more than $14 billion in health car
Page 96 and 97:
in terms of fatalities per distance
Page 98 and 99:
that figure had dropped to 14 perce
Page 100 and 101:
ed duty/sleep periods before their
Page 102 and 103:
more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
Page 104 and 105:
Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
Page 106 and 107:
The lack of accurate, comprehensive
Page 108 and 109:
_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
100 � Transportation Statistics A
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
tion accounts for about one-ninth o
Page 140 and 141:
cases the results have fallen short
Page 142 and 143:
� Water Pollution The major sourc
Page 144 and 145:
vehicles significantly lower the pe
Page 146 and 147:
Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
Page 148 and 149:
such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
Page 150 and 151:
C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
Page 152 and 153:
CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
Page 154 and 155:
Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
Page 156 and 157:
highway vehicles emit only half the
Page 158 and 159:
7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
Page 160 and 161:
1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
Page 162 and 163:
new CAAA regulations required a red
Page 164 and 165:
that without the improvement, VOC e
Page 166 and 167:
fuels are derived from natural gas
Page 168 and 169:
Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
Page 170 and 171:
The Strategic Targeting and Respons
Page 172 and 173:
EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
Page 174 and 175:
� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
Page 176 and 177:
Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
Page 178 and 179:
iron, and other metals, and greater
Page 180 and 181:
Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
Page 182 and 183:
� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
Page 184 and 185:
Netherlands employ compensatory pro
Page 186 and 187:
Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
Page 188 and 189:
Developing the information needed f
Page 190 and 191:
_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215: 194 � Transportation Statistics A
Page 230 and 231: Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
Page 248 and 249: Appendices
Page 280 and 281: AAMVA American Association of Motor
Page 282 and 283: ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
Page 284 and 285: U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
Page 286 and 287: A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
Page 288 and 289: C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
Page 290 and 291: Energy efficiency combination truck
Page 292 and 293: evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
Page 294 and 295: Malaysia emissions control efforts,
Page 296 and 297: energy demand projections, 95 exter
Page 298 and 299: Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
Page 300: physical condition and performance,
show all

table of contents - Research and Innovative Technology ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?