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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle purchase Gasoline and oil Other vehicle expenditures Public transportation 1994 or about 7 percent of total transportation expenditures. This figure does not include other costs of travel away from home, such as lodging and food. Also, it is important to remember that these expenditures are averages for all households and that only a few households incur these out-of town travel expenses in any given year. Chapter 2 Transportation and the Economy � 49 BOX 2-1 (CONT’D): VEHICLE OWNERSHIP AND OPERATING COSTS Vehicle operating costs vary per mile of travel and the price of fuel. Since the early 1980s, the price of unleaded regular fuel has declined substantially, both in current and constant dollars. Fuel efficiency improvements also have an impact on vehicle operating costs by reducing fuel costs per mile of travel. Of course, fuel costs vary by region. Generally, the more miles a vehicle travels in a year, the more the cost per mile decreases. It is estimated that the annual cost of operating a vehicle in 1995 ranged from 50.6 cents per mile, if 10,000 miles were traveled, to 37.0 cents, if 20,000 miles were traveled. 2 2 Based on American Automobile Association data. �� NORTHEAST �� SOUTH �� WEST �� NORTHEAST �� MIDWEST SOUTH �� WEST �� NORTHEAST �� MIDWEST SOUTH �� WEST �� NORTHEAST MIDWEST �� SOUTH �� WEST �� FIGURE 2-5: AVERAGE CONSUMER UNIT TRANSPORTATION EXPENDITURES BY REGION, 1994 �� Dollars MIDWEST 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Expenditure Survey,” 1994. Foreign visitors also expend substantial funds in the United States, a large part of which is for transportation. Foreign visitors arriving by air in the United States spent, on average per person, $3,222 in 1994: $1,654 was spent on international air travel and $1,568 on all expenses incurred in the United States. About $200 per
50 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 TABLE 2-8: HOUSEHOLD TRANSPORTATION EXPENDITURES IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS, 1994 Expenditure Urban Rural Rural/Urban category Urban Rural (percent) (percent) (ratio) All expenditures $32,247 $28,724 100.0% 100.0% 0.89 All transportation expenditures 5,919 6,807 18.4 23.7 1.15 Vehicle purchases 2,581 3,601 8.0 12.5 1.40 Gas and oil 946 1,232 2.9 4.3 1.30 Other vehicle expenditures 1,982 1,771 6.2 6.2 0.89 Purchased transportation services 410 202 1.3 0.7 0.49 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Expenditure Survey,” 1994. TABLE 2-9: COMPARISON OF HOUSEHOLD TRANSPORTATION SPENDING BY RACE, 1994 traveler was spent on transportation within the United States, including car rentals, air, bus and rail fares, taxis, and mass transit. In 1994, foreign visitors arriving by air accounted for almost $4 billion of the revenues of U.S. transportation firms. (USDOC USTTA 1995) Expenditures of visitors who arrived by land and sea are not included in these totals. The use of transportation modes by foreign visitors who arrive by air is shown in figure 2-6. White and other Black White (share in (share in Black/white and other Black percent) percent) (ratio) All expenditures $32,935 $22,418 100.0% 100.0% 0.68 All transportation expenditures 6,268 4,271 19.0 19.0 0.68 Vehicle purchases 2,814 2,014 8.5 9.0 0.72 Gas and oil 1,020 713 3.1 3.2 0.70 Other vehicle expenditures 2,037 1,283 6.2 5.7 0.63 Purchased transportation services 396 261 1.2 1.2 0.66 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Expenditure Survey,” 1994. Transportation Expenditures and Revenues: The Public Sector Federal, state, and local governments are important providers and purchasers of transportation infrastructure, equipment, and services. Governments finance these activities through general tax revenues, special user taxes, and user fees. State and local governments also rely on grants from the federal government. This section describes trends in government expenditures and revenues.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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Page 66 and 67: worth of industrial output to final
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Page 108 and 109: _____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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