table of contents - Research and Innovative Technology ...
table of contents - Research and Innovative Technology ...
table of contents - Research and Innovative Technology ...
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4-3: Petroleum Dem<strong>and</strong> in the Transportation Sector in OECD Countries<br />
Relative to Oil Use in All Sectors <strong>of</strong> Non-OECD Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91<br />
4-4: Petroleum Dependency <strong>of</strong> U.S. Economic Sectors, 1973 <strong>and</strong> 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92<br />
4-5: Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy, 1970–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
4-6: Single-Trailer Combination Truck Fuel Economy, 1973–92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93<br />
4-7: Multiple-Trailer Combination Truck Fuel Economy, 1973–92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
4-8: Energy Intensity <strong>of</strong> Passenger Travel by Mode, 1970–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94<br />
4-9: Changes in Transportation Energy Use, 1972–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br />
4-10: Changes in Freight Transportation Energy Use, 1972–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101<br />
4-11: Changes in Passenger Transportation Energy Use, 1972–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br />
4-12: Changes in Highway Passenger Transportation Energy Use, 1972–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br />
4-13: Changes in Air Passenger Transportation Energy Use, 1972–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103<br />
4-14: Changes in Rail Freight Transportation Energy Use, 1972–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103<br />
PART II: TRANSPORTATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT<br />
6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION<br />
6-1a: Price <strong>and</strong> Quantity <strong>of</strong> Transportation When Environmental Costs are not a Factor . . . . 124<br />
6-1b: Cost Curve S’ Representing Both Private Cost <strong>and</strong> Cost <strong>of</strong> Environmental Damage . . 124<br />
6-1c: Market Solution When Costs <strong>of</strong> Environmental Damage are Internalized . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
6-1d: Market Solution When Improved <strong>Technology</strong> Decreases the Rate<br />
<strong>of</strong> Environmental Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125<br />
7 ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS AND THE U.S. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM<br />
7-1: Transportation’s Share <strong>of</strong> U.S. Criteria Pollutant Emissions, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133<br />
7-2: Road Vehicle Air Emissions <strong>and</strong> Miles Traveled, 1970–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133<br />
7-3: U.S. Air Quality Trends, 1975–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />
7-4: Lead Emissions by Source in the United States, 1970–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140<br />
7-5: Carbon Monoxide Emissions from U.S. Transportation, 1970–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
7-6: Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions from U.S. Transportation, 1970–94 . . . . . . . . . 142<br />
7-7: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from U.S. Transportation, 1970–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142<br />
7-8: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the U.S. Transportation Sector, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
7-9: Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the United States, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />
7-10: Reported Volume <strong>of</strong> Oil Spilled in U.S. Waters, 1973–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147<br />
7-11: Oil Spills in U.S. Waters by Major Source, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147<br />
7-12: Transportation Noise Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />
7-13: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Stages 2 <strong>and</strong> 3 Noise Limits for Take-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154<br />
7-14: Disposition <strong>of</strong> U.S. Scrap Tires, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />
7-15: Mobile Source Emissions Control Costs in the United States, 1972–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br />
8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A METROPOLITAN PERSPECTIVE<br />
8-1: U.S. Population Living in Metropolitan Areas by Size <strong>and</strong> in Nonmetropolitan<br />
Areas, 1970 <strong>and</strong> 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172<br />
8-2: Population Change in Central Cities <strong>and</strong> Metropolitan Areas, 1960–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />
8-3: Journey-to-Work Mode Shares in Selected MSAs, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />
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