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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY TRANSPORTATION-RELATED INJURIES AND DEATHS ARE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES. OVER THE PAST DECADE, TRANSPORTATION CRASHES HAVE BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR APPROXIMATELY HALF OF ALL ACCIDENTAL DEATHS IN THIS COUN- TRY (SEE TABLE 3-1). HIGHWAY VEHICLE CRASHES ARE THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH OF AMERICANS BETWEEN THE AGES OF 15 AND 24, and accounted for 93 percent of all transportation-related deaths in 1994. They are also responsible for as many pre-retirement years of life lost as cancer and heart disease, about 1.2 million years annually (see figure 3-1). This reflects the relative youth of crash victims. Nonfatal injuries from highway crashes are a major problem as well. These injuries are the second largest category of both hospitalized and nonhospitalized injuries. Despite the progress made in the past two decades in transportation safety, mil- Inadequate data and inconsistent measures of accident risk across modes complicate efforts to formulate strategies to reduce transportation risks. 65 lions of people are still injured and tens of thousands of people are killed in transportation crashes each year. Thus, much work remains to be done to develop a better understanding of the causes of crashes and to prevent them. In particular, we need to better understand the human factors that cause or facilitate crashes. Examples include operator impairment because of substance abuse, medical conditions, or human fatigue, and the operator’s interaction with new technologies used both inside and outside the vehicle. Understanding the role of human
66 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 TABLE 3-1: ACCIDENTAL DEATHS, 1981–94 Transportation All Transportation related Year causes related (percent) 1981 100,704 51,335 51.0% 1985 93,457 46,400 49.6 1990 91,983 47,269 51.4 1994 92,200P 43,322 47.0 NOTE: Deaths reported in the “All causes” column generally occurred within one year of an accident or crash; deaths reported in the “transportation related” column generally occurred within 30 days of an accident or crash. Hence, the percentage column may understate the proportion of transportation-related deaths. KEY: P = preliminary. SOURCES: All causes—National Safety Council, Accident Facts, 1995 Ed. (Itasca, IL: 1995). Transportation related—various sources, as compiled and cited in U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 1996 (Washington, DC: November 1995). factors is one of the most pressing tasks facing the transportation safety community today. This chapter summarizes recent transportation safety trends, including the number and nature of transportation accidents, injuries, and Years lost (in thousands) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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12 � Transportation Statistics An
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Page 58 and 59: To capture the rich interplay betwe
Page 60 and 61: Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
Page 62 and 63: kinds of transportation services co
Page 64 and 65: counted as products of the manufact
Page 66 and 67: worth of industrial output to final
Page 68 and 69: Measures of Transportation’s Impo
Page 70 and 71: New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
Page 72 and 73: Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
Page 76 and 77: federal funds spent on transit, rai
Page 78 and 79: The total collections from all thes
Page 80 and 81: classified under the industry in wh
Page 82 and 83: The airline industry is using fewer
Page 84 and 85: that businesses that once depended
Page 86 and 87: Millions of current dollars Annual
Page 90 and 91: Risk exposure means that the more a
Page 92 and 93: fatality rate will continue to decl
Page 94 and 95: more than $14 billion in health car
Page 96 and 97: in terms of fatalities per distance
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Page 100 and 101: ed duty/sleep periods before their
Page 102 and 103: more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
Page 104 and 105: Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
Page 106 and 107: The lack of accurate, comprehensive
Page 108 and 109: _____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
Page 122 and 123: 100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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172 � Transportation Statistics A
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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