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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and the U.S. Transportation System � 133 �� FIGURE 7-1: TRANSPORTATION’S SHARE OF U.S. CRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, 1994 Percentage of total U.S. emissions 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CO NO x VOC SO 2 PM-10 Lead FIGURE 7-2: ROAD VEHICLE AIR EMISSIONS AND MILES TRAVELED, 1970–94 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B J H J H J JH J J B B B J J B J B B B B B H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H FÑ F H H H H H F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ J J J J J J Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ F F F F F F J J J J J J J J J J 0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 a Lead emissions since 1990 have been less than 1 percent of their 1970 levels. ��All mobile sources a �� Fugitive road dust b Highway vehicles only a “All mobile sources” include highway vehicles, nonroad vehicles, and mobile equipment, some of which may be used in nontransportation applications such as lawn and garden care. b Fugitive road dust is particulate emissions kicked up from paved and unpaved roads. EPA lists road dust as a miscellaneous source of PM-10, not as a mobile source. SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900–1994, EPA-454/R-95-011 (Research Triangle Park, NC: October 1995), tables A1–A6. Ñ Vehicle-miles traveled H Nitrogen oxides B Carbon monoxide F Volatile organic compounds J Lead a SOURCES: Vehicle-miles—U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: various years). Emissions—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality, Planning and Standards, National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1990–1994 (Washington, DC: 1995), tables A-1, A-2, A-3.
134 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 Index, 1975=1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 FIGURE 7-3: U.S. AIR QUALITY TRENDS, 1975–94 (indexed average of pollutant concentration data from monitoring sites) ❍■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ■ ●■ ■ ● ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ● ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ▲ ▲ ❏ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ❏ ❏ ❍ ❍ ❏ ❍ ❏ ❍ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❍ ❍ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 ■ Ozone ● NO 2 ▲ CO ❏ PM-10 ❍ Lead SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1994, Data Appendix, EPA 454/R-95-XXX (Research Triangle Park, NC: October 1995), table A-9. TABLE 7-1: FEDERAL EMISSIONS CONTROL STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GASOLINE VEHICLES (GRAMS PER MILE) Automobiles Light trucks Year standard Hydro- Carbon Nitrogen Hydro- Carbon Nitrogen set or changed carbons monoxide oxides Particulates carbons monoxide oxides Particulates 1976 1.50 15.0 3.1 — 2.00 20.0 3.1 — 1977 nc nc 2.0 — nc nc nc — 1979 nc nc nc — 1.70 18.0 2.3 — 1980 0.41 7.0 nc — nc nc nc — 1981 nc 3.4 1.0 — nc nc nc — 1982 nc nc nc 0.60 nc nc nc 0.60 1984 nc nc nc nc 0.80 10.0 nc nc 1987 nc nc nc 0.20 nc nc nc 0.26 1988 nc nc nc nc nc nc 1.2 nc 1994 0.25 nc 0.4 0.08 0.25 3.4 nc nc 1995 on nc nc nc nc nc nc 0.4 0.08 KEY: — = no emission standard in effect; nc = no change from prior year listed. SOURCE: S.C. Davis, Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 15, ORNL-6856 (Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995), table 7-14.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Page 106 and 107: The lack of accurate, comprehensive
Page 108 and 109: _____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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Page 138 and 139: tion accounts for about one-ninth o
Page 140 and 141: cases the results have fallen short
Page 142 and 143: � Water Pollution The major sourc
Page 144 and 145: vehicles significantly lower the pe
Page 146 and 147: Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
Page 148 and 149: such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
Page 150 and 151: C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
Page 152 and 153: CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Page 158 and 159: 7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
Page 160 and 161: 1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
Page 162 and 163: new CAAA regulations required a red
Page 164 and 165: that without the improvement, VOC e
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Page 168 and 169: Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
Page 170 and 171: The Strategic Targeting and Respons
Page 172 and 173: EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
Page 174 and 175: � Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
Page 178 and 179: iron, and other metals, and greater
Page 180 and 181: Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
Page 182 and 183: � Transportation of Hazardous Mat
Page 184 and 185: Netherlands employ compensatory pro
Page 186 and 187: Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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184 � Transportation Statistics A
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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