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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federico Peña, Secretary Mortimer L. Downey Deputy Secretary BUREAU OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS T.R. Lakshmanan Director Robert Knisely Deputy Director Rolf R. Schmitt Associate Director for Transportation Studies Philip N. Fulton Associate Director for Statistical Programs and Services ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Senior Editors Wendell Fletcher Joanne Sedor Managing Editor Marsha Fenn Major Contributors Felix Ammah-Tagoe William P. Anderson Timothy Carmody John W. Fuller Robert Gibson David Greene Xiaoli Han Patricia Hu Donald W. Jones T.R. Lakshmanan William Mallett Kirsten U. Oldenburg Alan E. Pisarski Rolf R. Schmitt Other Contributors Robert Atkinson Anne Aylward Christopher Buck Audrey Buyrn Lillian Chapman Stacy C. Davis Bingsong Fang Richard Feldman Kelly Wack Gousios Chriscypher Gray Madeline Gross Marilyn Gross Steve Lewis David Mednick Lisa Randall Gardner Smith Bruce D. Spear Cover Susan Hoffmeyer, Design Dale A. Hoffmeyer, Illustrations
TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF THE DIRECTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii PART I: THE STATE OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 1 TRAVEL, THE MOVEMENT OF FREIGHT, AND THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM . . . . . 3 Passenger Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Movement of Freight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Where Passengers and Freight Meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Physical Condition and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Transportation Events in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Box 1-1 Intermodalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The Economic Importance of Transportation as a Component of GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Measures of Transportation’s Importance to Society: Consumer Expenditures . . . . . . . 45 Transportation Expenditures and Revenues: The Public Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Expenditures and Revenues of the Trucking and Railroad Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Boxes 2-1 Vehicle Ownership and Operating Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2-2 U.S. Department of Transportation 1994 Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3 TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Trends in Transportation Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Human Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Occupant Protection Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Mode-Specific Safety Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Safety Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Data Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4 ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Oil Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 State of Energy Efficiency Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Historical Trends in Transportation Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Box 4-1 How To Interpret the Divisia Method Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Page 2 and 3: Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Page 6 and 7: 5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
Page 10 and 11: 9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
Page 12 and 13: 8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
Page 14 and 15: well as the condition and performan
Page 16 and 17: cance of transportation is comparab
Page 18 and 19: U.S. society over the lifetime of p
Page 20 and 21: and compile statistical information
Page 22 and 23: onmental impacts focus on individua
Page 24 and 25: Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
Page 26 and 27: Part I The State of the Transportat
Page 28 and 29: 4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
Page 34 and 35: 10 � Transportation Statistics An
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30 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
Page 298 and 299:
Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
Page 300:
physical condition and performance,
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