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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TRANSPORTATION AND AIR POLLUTION 9-1: Passenger and Freight Vehicles, 1970–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 9-2: Mobile Source Air Emissions in Selected OECD Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 9-3: Light-Duty Passenger Vehicle Energy Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 APPENDICES A AN OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. COMMERCIAL AIRLINE INDUSTRY A1: Domestic Revenue Passenger-Miles of Major Airlines, 1926–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 A2: Annual Change in Domestic Revenue Passenger-Miles for Major Airlines, 1931–94 . . . 234 A3: Air Carriers Submitting U.S. DOT Form 41 Reports, 1971–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 A4: Relationship Between Revenue Passenger-Miles and GDP, 1979–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 A5: Systemwide Origin and Destination Passengers and GDP, 1979–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 A6: Annual Change in Domestic and International Passenger Enplanements, 1980–94 . . . 238 A7: Passenger Transportation Trends, 1980–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 A8: Passenger Enplanements per Capita, 1980–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 A9: Freight Transportation Trends, 1980–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 A10: Per Capita GDP and Systemwide Yields, 1979–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 A11: Airline Passenger Industry Operating Profit and Net Income, 1979–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 A12: Passenger and Cargo Industry Cumulative Operating Profit and Net Income, 1979–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 A13: Corporate Return on Investment for Major Passenger and Freight Air Carriers, 1979–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 A14: Enplaned Passengers per Employee for Major and National Airlines, 1979–94 . . . . . . . 247 A15: Operating Revenues per Employee for Major and National Airlines, 1979–94 . . . . . . . . 247 List of Tables PART I: THE STATE OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM x 1 TRAVEL, THE MOVEMENT OF FREIGHT, AND THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 1-1: Major Elements of the Transportation System, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1-2: Possible Contributions to Future Transportation Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1-3: Number of Trucks, Miles Traveled, and Miles per Truck by Truck Use, 1982 and 1992 . 18 1-4: Number of Trucks, Miles Traveled, and Miles per Truck by Truck Type, 1982 and 1992 . 18 1-5: Number of Trucks, Miles Traveled, and Miles per Truck by Truck Weight, 1982 and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1-6: Pavement Condition, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1-7: Bridge Conditions, 1990 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1-8: Annual Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled per Lane-Mile by Functional Class, 1985 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1-9: Urban Transit Bus Condition, 1985 and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY 2-1: U.S. Gross Domestic Product Attributed to Transportation-Related Demand, 1989-94 (billions of current dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Product Attributed to Transportation-Related Demand, 1989-94 (billions of 1987 dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2-3: Gross Domestic Product by Major Social Function, 1989–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2-4: Contributions to Gross Domestic Product: Selected Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2-5: Intermediate and Final Uses of For-Hire Transportation Output by Mode, 1987 . . . . . . . 43 2-6: Direct and Indirect Transportation Costs Per Dollar Final Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2-7: Transportation Expenditures by Average Consumer Unit, 1993 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2-8: Household Transportation Expenditures in Urban and Rural Areas, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-9: Comparison of Household Transportation Spending by Race, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2-10: Out-of-Town Household Expenditures, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2-11: Government Transportation Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2-12: Transportation Expenditures by All Levels of Government, 1982 and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . 54 2-13: Transportation Expenditures by Level of Government Before Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2-14: Federal Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2-15: Employment Cost Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2-16: Expenditures of For-Hire Trucking and Public Warehousing, 1988–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2-17: Expenditures for Purchased Transportation by Trucking Companies, 1988–93 . . . . . . . . 61 2-18: Expenditures for the Class I Railroad Industry, 1988–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3 TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY 3-1: Accidental Deaths, 1981–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3-2: Accidents/Incidents by Transportation Mode, 1985–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3-3: Injuries by Transportation Mode, 1985–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3-4: Fatalities by Transportation Mode, 1960–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3-5: Fatality Rates by Transportation Mode, 1960–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3-6: U.S. Motor Vehicle Fatalities, 1975–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3-7: Accident Severity by Road-User Category, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3-8: Number of Crashes by Main Crash Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4 ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION 4-1: Federal Guidelines or Requirements for Purchase of Alternative Vehicles by Large Fleet Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4-2: Use of Nonpetroleum Components in Gasoline by U.S. Refineries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4-3: U.S. Refinery Net Production of Gasoline by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS 5-1: Mandated Topics for Data Collection and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 PART II: TRANSPORTATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT 7 ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS AND THE U.S. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 7-1: Federal Emissions Control Standards for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7-2: Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source, 1985, 1992, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7-3: Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions by Source, 1985, 1992, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . 137 7-4: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Source, 1985, 1991, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7-5: Lead Emissions by Source, 1985 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 7-6: Carbon Dioxide-Equivalent Emissions of Alternative Fuels: Light-Duty Vehicles . . . . . . 145 7-7: Constituents and Sources of Highway Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 7-8: Composition of a Typical Passenger Vehicle, 1976–94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 7-9: Hazardous Materials Incident Statistics, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 xi
Page 2 and 3: Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Page 4 and 5: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
Page 6 and 7: 5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
Page 12 and 13: 8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
Page 14 and 15: well as the condition and performan
Page 16 and 17: cance of transportation is comparab
Page 18 and 19: U.S. society over the lifetime of p
Page 20 and 21: and compile statistical information
Page 22 and 23: onmental impacts focus on individua
Page 24 and 25: Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
Page 26 and 27: Part I The State of the Transportat
Page 28 and 29: 4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
Page 34 and 35: 10 � Transportation Statistics An
Page 58 and 59: To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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88 � Transportation Statistics An
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
Page 300:
physical condition and performance,
show all

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