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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B B B B waters through fines, tighter regulations, and funding of research for pollution prevention and response. The peaks shown in figure 7-10 suggest the skewed nature of spills, in which a small percentage of the spills account for most of the vol- B Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and the U.S. Transportation System � 147 FIGURE 7-10: REPORTED VOLUME OF OIL SPILLED IN U.S. WATERS, 1973–93 B B B B B 0 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 Number of spills SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Pollution Incidents In and Around U.S. Waters (Washington, DC: In press). Percent 8,972 �� incidents �� Number of spills B B B B B B B ume spilled. Of the 8,972 spills reported in 1993, 19 spills (just 2 percent) accounted for 1.5 million gallons (or 72 percent) of the 2 million gallons of oil entering the water that year (see figure 7-11). Of the remaining spills, 8,470 were less than 100 gallons each. Over the past 20 FIGURE 7-11: OIL SPILLS IN U.S. WATERS BY MAJOR SOURCE, 1993 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 - 50 - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 - 0 - 2,067,388 �� gallons �� Unknown Pipelines ��Facilities �� Volume of spills B All other vessels Tankbarge ��Tankship B All other nonvessels SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Pollution Incidents In and Around U.S. Waters (Washington, DC: In press). B B
148 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 years, oceangoing tanker spills accounted for 30 percent of the volume spilled, but only 5 percent of incidents. Three-quarters of all spills occurred during transportation; the remainder resulted from activities at fixed facilities. The extent of adverse impact from spills depends on many additional factors aside from the quantity of oil. These include the characteristics of the spilled oil and receiving waters, the environmental sensitivity of the area, and the weather. Most spills occur in protected environments such as rivers, harbors, bays, and sounds, rather than on open seas. Of the approximately 221 million gallons reported spilled over the past 20 years, less than 15 percent were on the open ocean. (USDOT Coast Guard in press) The largest number and volume of spills reported occurred in internal waters. � Improper Disposal of Used Motor Oil The improper disposal of used motor oil is a widespread source of groundwater and surface water contamination. Automobile owners who change their own motor oil account for a significant portion of used oil dumping, disposing of up to 200 million gallons of oil annually; of this, as much as 120 million gallons may be dumped onto the ground or into storm drains and another 60 million gallons may be dumped into trash cans. (Novallo 1993) Annually, this is much more than the Exxon Valdez spill. (Anderson and Lear 1994) Although a person may believe that dumping small amounts of oil is of little consequence, one quart of oil can taint the taste of 250,000 gallons of water and can create a 2-acre oil slick on lakes and streams. (Novallo 1993) Oil also contains additives that can oxidize during combustion to form corrosive acids, and used oil is often contaminated with heavy metals, chlorinated solvents, and harmful organic substances. EPA did not list used motor oil as a hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. It has promulgated, however, used oil handling standards for generators, transporters, processors, rerefiners, burners, and marketers. The standards only apply after used oil is collected and aggregated by public or private collection services. (Kreith 1994, 9.166) According to EPA, only about 10 million gallons (5 percent) of the used motor oil generated by do-it-yourself oil changers was recycled in 1988. More recycling could decrease both the amount of used oil released into the environment and the amount of crude oil used for producing motor oil. Motor oil does not wear out; it merely becomes contaminated with residuals of fuel combustion and engine wear. Re-refining removes these contaminants from the oil and returns it to its original quality. (Novallo 1993, 109–112) � Underground Storage Tanks Groundwater contamination is often caused by leaks from underground storage tanks, such as those found at neighborhood gas stations. Most underground storage tanks are used by the transportation sector. Of these, about 49 percent are for retail motor vehicle fuels, 47 percent for petroleum storage, and 4 percent for chemical storage. According to EPA, about 1,000 confirmed releases are reported each week, and 20 percent of the 2 million regulated tanks may be leaking. (USEPA 1993, 14–15) To remediate this type of contamination, the federal government established the Leaking Underground Storage Tanks program, which operates under the authority of Subtitle I of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments Act of 1984 as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. The program’s purpose is to achieve rapid and effective responses to releases from underground storage tanks containing petroleum and other hazardous substances.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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Page 138 and 139: tion accounts for about one-ninth o
Page 140 and 141: cases the results have fallen short
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Page 144 and 145: vehicles significantly lower the pe
Page 146 and 147: Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
Page 148 and 149: such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
Page 150 and 151: C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
Page 152 and 153: CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
Page 154 and 155: Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
Page 156 and 157: highway vehicles emit only half the
Page 158 and 159: 7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
Page 160 and 161: 1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
Page 162 and 163: new CAAA regulations required a red
Page 164 and 165: that without the improvement, VOC e
Page 166 and 167: fuels are derived from natural gas
Page 170 and 171: The Strategic Targeting and Respons
Page 172 and 173: EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
Page 174 and 175: � Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
Page 178 and 179: iron, and other metals, and greater
Page 180 and 181: Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
Page 182 and 183: � Transportation of Hazardous Mat
Page 184 and 185: Netherlands employ compensatory pro
Page 186 and 187: Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Page 190 and 191: _____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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198 � Transportation Statistics A
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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