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worth of industrial output to final demand. Private transportation services are not included in this table. Among the 22 industries presented in table 2-6, the transportation industry had the highest direct requirement for its own output. This reflects the fact that each transportation mode uses the services of other modes as input in providing its own services. For example, in order to provide door-to-door transportation service, a railroad may hire a trucking company to move goods from a train station to their final destinations. Moreover, all transportation modes use a significant amount of pipeline services. Other industries also have high direct requirements for transportation. The petroleum refinery industry transports crude oil through pipelines and thus has high direct requirements for transportation services. Because of the high weightto-value ratio of the inputs of the stone, glass, and clay products industry, transportation is a large portion of that industry’s total input cost. The mining industry’s low direct requirement for transportation services is surprising. Two factors may contribute to this situation. First, natural resources, under the current NIPA, are not valued before they are brought into the pro- Chapter 2 Transportation and the Economy � 43 Intermediate Transport Intermediate use use Final use output share (percent) Railroads and services $27,231 $21,164 $48,394 56.3% Motor freight and warehousing 80,137 35,056 115,194 69.6 Water transport 8,029 16,169 24,198 33.2 Air transport 36,314 42,745 79,060 45.9 Pipeline and other services 18,525 4,776 23,301 79.5 Total $170,236 $119,910 $290,147 58.7% NOTE: The latest year for which data are available is 1987. TABLE 2-5: INTERMEDIATE AND FINAL USES OF FOR-HIRE TRANSPORTATION OUTPUT BY MODE, 1987 (MILLIONS OF 1987 DOLLARS) SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Benchmark Input-Output Accounts of the United States,1987 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 1994). duction system. Hence, minerals are valued in the NIPA only after they are extracted from the ground and have become the output of the mining industry. Therefore, a larger portion of output is counted as value-added. This, in turn, makes intermediate inputs, including transportation services, a small portion of the value of the mining industry’s output. Second, inputs and outputs are valued at producer’s prices in the U.S. Benchmark Input-Output Accounts. In other words, the NIPA assigns the costs of transporting inputs to the producer and assigns the costs of transporting outputs to the purchaser. Thus, the costs of transporting the mining industry’s output to other industries are not counted as production costs of the mining industry. An industry’s direct coefficient for transportation services is derived by dividing its transportation input by its output. Hence, high value-added industries, in general, have low direct requirements for transportation services. Processing industries that have low value-added components have high direct transportation requirements. The table further reveals that for most of the industries examined indirect transportation requirements are larger than direct requirements. This finding underscores the importance of
44 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 TABLE 2-6: DIRECT AND INDIRECT TRANSPORTATION COSTS PER DOLLAR FINAL DEMAND including indirect impacts in analyses of the role of transportation in the economy and society. Finally, the coefficients listed in table 2-6 may understate the requirements of industries for trans- Transportation cost per Indirect transport Total transport service dollar of industry output service required per required per dollar of (direct requirement) dollar of final demand final demand Agriculture $0.026 $0.036 $0.063 Mining 0.013 0.014 0.027 Construction 0.018 0.029 0.047 Food and tobacco 0.023 0.040 0.064 Textiles 0.010 0.028 0.038 Wood products 0.027 0.032 0.059 Chemistry 0.030 0.031 0.061 Petro-refinery 0.045 0.033 0.078 Glass and stone production 0.065 0.036 0.100 Steel and metal production 0.029 0.033 0.062 General machinery 0.013 0.025 0.038 Electric machinery and equipment 0.015 0.025 0.040 Transport equipment 0.021 0.036 0.057 Precision equipment 0.010 0.021 0.031 Miscellaneous manufacturing 0.015 0.023 0.039 Transportation 0.146 1.037 a 1.183 a Communications and utility 0.015 0.022 0.037 Wholesale and retail 0.011 0.012 0.023 Finance, insurance, real estate 0.009 0.011 0.021 Personal services 0.011 0.021 0.032 Business services 0.015 0.019 0.034 Government enterprise $0.039 $0.026 $0.065 a Includes a dollar’s worth of transport service delivered to final demand. The number is larger than one because the transportation industry uses its own output as input to produce transportation services. NOTE: Data are in 1987 dollars and at producer’s prices. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Benchmark Input-Output Accounts of the United States, 1987 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 1994). portation services, because they do not include private transportation services provided by nontransportation industries.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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Page 70 and 71: New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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Page 82 and 83: The airline industry is using fewer
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Page 86 and 87: Millions of current dollars Annual
Page 88 and 89: C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Page 108 and 109: _____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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94 � Transportation Statistics An
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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