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tion accounts for about one-ninth of the U.S. economy measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). Although transportation is vital to the U.S. economy and an indispensable part of contemporary society, it also generates undesirable byproducts that adversely affect environmental quality and human health. Emissions from transportation vehicles and the production and handling of fuels are two of the leading causes of air quality problems. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from transportation- C H A P T E R S I X ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION SINCE THE APPLICATION OF STEAM POWER TO SHIPS AND LOCOMO- TIVES IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY, MOTORIZED TRANSPORT HAS HAD AN INFLUENCE ON NEARLY EVERY ASPECT OF SOCIETY, FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, TO THE GEOGRAPHY OF CITIES, TO THE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL LIFE. ITS IMPORTANCE CAN BE GAUGED BY THE FACT THAT, AS NOTED IN CHAPTER 2, TRANSPORTA- Environmental policies have been quite successful in addressing some impacts associated with increased transportation, while in other cases the results have fallen short of expectations. 117 related combustion of fossil fuels are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, which threatens to alter the earth’s climate. Motor vehicles and airplanes are major sources of undesirable noise in metropolitan areas. Discarded motor vehicles are a significant source of solid waste. Crude oil and gasoline leaks and spills pollute water and groundwater resources Moreover, transportation infrastructure not only directly uses land, thereby impacting habitats for flora and fauna, but also
118 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 supports the transformation of rural land to urban uses, often in the form of urban sprawl. 1 Most facets of transportation-related environmental impacts—from air pollution to noise pollution to oil spills—have been addressed by some type of policy action. Major public policy responses to transportation-related environmental problems originated in several laws enacted in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Many of the poli- 1 In addition to the direct impacts of transportation, “upstream” activities necessary for transportation to take place—including oil field exploration and development, petroleum refining and storage, and vehicle manufacturing—can have significant environmental impacts as well. Broadly Applicable Laws Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 Department of Transportation Act of 1966 (section 4(f), Preservation of Parklands) National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 Federal Aid to Highways Act (various years) Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 Air Quality Clean Air Act (major amendments in 1965, 1970, 1977, and 1990) Energy Policy Act of 1992 Noise Pollution Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 Noise Control Act of 1972 Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990 Control and Abatement of Aircraft Noise and Sonic Boom Act of 1968 Water Quality (including oil spills) Clean Water Act (major amendments in 1972, 1977, and 1987) Safe Drinking Water Act Oil Pollution Act (1990) cies implementing these laws have been regulatory: standards specifying allowable rates of pollution or rules encouraging or requiring the use of less polluting technologies. Over the years these laws have been revised and generally strengthened as transportation activities have grown and regulations have been reevaluated (see box 6-1 for a list of transportation-related environmental laws). Environmental policies have been quite successful in addressing some impacts associated with increased transportation, while in other BOX 6-1: SELECTED FEDERAL LAWS ADDRESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION Protection of Environmentally Sensitive Areas, Rare Species, and Wildlife Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958 The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 The Endangered Species Act of 1973 Marine and Coastal Areas Protection Ocean Dumping Act and Amendments (1972, 1982, and 1992, among others) Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 The Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (1990) The Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Nuisance Species Prevention and Control Act (1990) Shore Protection Act of 1988 Transportation of Materials, including Solid and Hazardous Waste Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Used Oil Recycling Act of 1980 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, as amended Sanitary Food Transportation Act of 1990
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
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5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
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List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
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9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
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8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
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well as the condition and performan
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cance of transportation is comparab
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U.S. society over the lifetime of p
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and compile statistical information
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onmental impacts focus on individua
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Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
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Part I The State of the Transportat
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4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
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10 � Transportation Statistics An
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To capture the rich interplay betwe
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Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
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kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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Page 96 and 97: in terms of fatalities per distance
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Page 106 and 107: The lack of accurate, comprehensive
Page 108 and 109: _____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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Page 140 and 141: cases the results have fallen short
Page 142 and 143: � Water Pollution The major sourc
Page 144 and 145: vehicles significantly lower the pe
Page 146 and 147: Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
Page 148 and 149: such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
Page 150 and 151: C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
Page 152 and 153: CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
Page 154 and 155: Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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Page 158 and 159: 7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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Page 168 and 169: Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
Page 170 and 171: The Strategic Targeting and Respons
Page 172 and 173: EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
Page 174 and 175: � Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
Page 178 and 179: iron, and other metals, and greater
Page 180 and 181: Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
Page 182 and 183: � Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Page 186 and 187: Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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172 � Transportation Statistics A
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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