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32 � Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996 could possibly generate energy of M8+. (EQE International 1995) The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 registered M8.3. Other areas, such as the Pacific Northwest, should not be complacent about the chances of a major earthquake either, even though the probability of a major earthquake there is lower than one in California. Most people expected that Tokyo would be the site of a major earthquake rather than Kobe. Possibly more frightening is that—as devastating as it was—the Kobe earthquake is considered a moderate event. Neither Kobe nor Northridge was the “big one.” In general, older structures and those not retrofitted to new building codes implemented in 1981 performed very poorly in Kobe. This includes the Hanshin Expressway built in the 1960s and old elevated railway lines. Post-1981 structures performed much better. The major exceptions to this were buildings, bridges, and other structures built on the softest soil and reclaimed land, including portions of the Wangan Expressway and the entire port. Finding ways of mitigating the effects of liquefaction, lateral spreading, and settlement in such places seems to be a high priority. (EQE International 1995) As was found after the Northridge earthquake, newer design standards can work well in moderate to large earthquakes, and retrofitting older structures is important. Kobe also points to a concern for U.S. ports on or near faults. Many ports on the west coast including the ports of Los Angeles, Long Beach, Oakland, Seattle, and Vancouver are prone to earthquake damage. Lessons from Kobe’s railways also need to be studied for application to commuter rail systems and subways such as those in San Francisco and Los Angeles. References American Association of Railroads (AAR). 1980. Yearbook of Railroad Facts. Washington, DC: June. _____. 1995a. Locomotive Ownership and Condition Report, January 1, 1995. Washington, DC. March. _____. 1995b. Railroad Facts. Washington, DC. Amtrak. 1995. National Railroad Passenger Corporation 1994 Annual Report. Washington, DC: National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Box, B. 1995. Regaining Lost Ground. Seatrade Review. March. Doi, M. 1996. Transportation Decision-Making Under Crisis Conditions: Kobe, Japan Experience, paper presented at Restoring Mobility and Economic Vitality Following Major Urban Earthquakes, a conference cosponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the University of California Transportation Center. April. Eno Transportation Foundation. 1995. Transportation in America. Lansdowne, VA. EQE International. 1995. The January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake, an EQE Summary Report. San Francisco, CA. April. Gordon, P., H.W. Richardson, and B. Davis. 1996. Transportation-Related Business Interruption Impacts of the Northridge Earthquake, paper presented at Restoring Mobility and Economic Vitality Following Major Urban Earthquakes, a conference co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the University of California Transportation Center. April. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). 1995. Finance Docket No. 32549. August. Krapf, D. 1994. Hoisting the Foreign Flag. Workboat Magazine 51:11/12. November/ December.
National Safety Council. Various years. Accident Facts. Itasca, IL. Secretaria de Turism. 1995. El Turismo en Mexico 1994. Mexico City. Statistics Canada. 1995. International Travel 1994. Ottawa, Ontario. Texas Transportation Institute. 1995. Urban Roadway Congestion—1982 to 1992, Volume 1: Annual Report. College Station, TX. Transportation Research Board (TRB). 1988. Pipelines and Public Safety, Damage Prevention, Land Use and Emergency Preparedness, Special Report 219. Washington, DC: National Research Council. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1995. Waterborne Commerce of the United States 1994. New Orleans, LA. U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board (USCAB). 1973. Handbook of Airline Statistics 1973. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC), Bureau of the Census. 1995. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1995. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), Energy Information Administration. 1995. Natural Gas Annual 1994. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). 1995. National Transportation Statistics 1996. Washington, DC. November. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 1995. National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), 1993–1997. April. _____. 1996. Administrator’s Fact Book. Washington, DC. Chapter 1 Travel, the Movement of Freight, and the Transportation System � 33 U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 1986. Highway Statistics Summary to 1985. Washington, DC. _____. 1993a. 1990 NPTS Databook: Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, FHWA-PL-94-010A. Washington, DC. November. _____. 1993b. Journey-to-Work Trends in the United States and Its Major Metropolitan Areas, 1960-1990, prepared by Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, FHWA-PL- 94-012. Washington, DC. _____. 1994. The National Bicycling and Walking Study, Final Report, FHWA-PD-94-023. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. _____. 1995. Highway Statistics. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Transit Administration (FTA). 1995. National Transit Summaries and Trends for the 1993 National Transit Database Section 15 Report Year. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Maritime Administration (MARAD). 1993. Landside Access to U.S. Ports. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Office of Airline Information data. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, and Maritime Administration (FHWA FTA MARAD). 1995. 1995 Status of the Nation’s Surface Transportation System: Condition and Performance. Washington, DC. October 27. Welty, G. 1995. The High-Tech Car Takes Shape, Railway Age. September.
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Bureau of Transportation Statistics
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
Page 6 and 7: 5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
Page 10 and 11: 9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
Page 12 and 13: 8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
Page 14 and 15: well as the condition and performan
Page 16 and 17: cance of transportation is comparab
Page 18 and 19: U.S. society over the lifetime of p
Page 20 and 21: and compile statistical information
Page 22 and 23: onmental impacts focus on individua
Page 24 and 25: Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
Page 26 and 27: Part I The State of the Transportat
Page 28 and 29: 4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
Page 34 and 35: 10 � Transportation Statistics An
Page 58 and 59: To capture the rich interplay betwe
Page 60 and 61: Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
Page 62 and 63: kinds of transportation services co
Page 64 and 65: counted as products of the manufact
Page 66 and 67: worth of industrial output to final
Page 68 and 69: Measures of Transportation’s Impo
Page 70 and 71: New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
Page 72 and 73: Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
Page 76 and 77: federal funds spent on transit, rai
Page 78 and 79: The total collections from all thes
Page 80 and 81: classified under the industry in wh
Page 82 and 83: The airline industry is using fewer
Page 84 and 85: that businesses that once depended
Page 86 and 87: Millions of current dollars Annual
Page 88 and 89: C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
Page 90 and 91: Risk exposure means that the more a
Page 92 and 93: fatality rate will continue to decl
Page 94 and 95: more than $14 billion in health car
Page 96 and 97: in terms of fatalities per distance
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Page 100 and 101: ed duty/sleep periods before their
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Page 104 and 105: Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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88 � Transportation Statistics An
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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