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well as the condition and performance of the U.S. transportation system, which currently offers U.S. residents the world’s highest level of personal mobility. It proceeds to a discussion of transportation’s importance to the economy and society as indicated by a variety of economic indicators. Next, Part I describes the unintended consequences—accidents, fatalities, and oil import dependency—associated with transportation. Finally, it explores the state of transportation statistics. This year’s theme section, “Transportation and the Environment” (Part II of the report), surveys the collateral damage to the environment arising from transportation. It focuses on the scale and dimensions of the damage, and the effect of actions to ameliorate the damage. Part II surveys transportation-related environmental trends for three geographical scales—nationallevel trends and impacts, air quality at the metropolitan level, and a comparison of U.S. transport-related air pollution with that in several industrialized and developing countries. As noted in Part II, vehicle emissions have decreased impressively in the United States, but some pollutants have increased recently, suggesting the need for continued monitoring of pollution trends. �The State of the Transportation System Travel, the Movement of Freight, and the Transportation System Americans travel more and move more goods than ever before. Passenger travel grew in the United States on average 2.7 percent a year between 1970 and 1994. Passenger-miles traveled per person increased from 11,400 miles in 1970 to 16,800 miles in 1994. In the same period, ton-miles of freight increased by 2.2 percent annually. By 1994, 12,600 ton-miles of freight were moved per person. xiv On the passenger side, while the growth in automobile use in terms of absolute miles traveled overshadows that in all other modes, air travel tripled and travel in light-duty trucks (including pickups, mini-vans, and sport-utility vehicles) quadrupled between 1970 and 1994. Among the many factors that contributed to this rapid growth in personal transportation are growth in population and jobs (including greater labor force participation of women), increased household formation, income, vehicle ownership and licensed driver population, and metropolitan growth, coupled with residential and job dispersion. These and other factors will likely continue to push up passenger travel in the future, though at a more moderate pace. Freight transportation grew substantially in all modes. Information from the 1993 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS), conducted by BTS and the Bureau of Census, allows us for the first time in nearly two decades to look at the complex world of freight movement in a technologically evolving and globalizing economy—how much and what moves over which modes within Thousands of miles 20 15 10 5 0 1970 PASSENGER-MILES PER CAPITA 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 SOURCE: See chapter 1, figure 1-3.
the United States. The CFS shows that in 1993 the nation’s freight transportation system carried 12.4 billion tons of goods worth more than $6.3 trillion over a total distance of 3.7 trillion tonmiles. Nearly three-quarters of the value of items transported moved by truck, followed by, in order of magnitude, intermodal, rail, water, and pipeline transport. Over half the weight of all freight was moved by truck, with rail and water accounting for most of the remaining tonnage. In terms of ton-miles, the split between truck, rail, water, and pipeline is more even, given the greater distances moved by large shipments in the nonhighway modes. Air cargo shipments registered the sharpest increase, although in absolute terms this mode’s share remains small. The performance and condition of the nation’s transportation system are mixed. The condition of highways has generally improved, but greater demand has increased congestion in many metropolitan areas. Transit, on the other hand, has generally experienced somewhat improved performance with little change in condition. The condition of airport runways has improved slightly, and airline performance is somewhat better, even though the average age of the industry’s fleet increased slightly. The condition and performance of freight rail transportation have both improved, but the condition and performance of passenger service have generally worsened. Despite the fact that little new construction has been initiated over the past decade, the performance and condition of pipelines has improved slightly. Three key transportation events were noteworthy in 1995. The first two events were specific to the United States: the designation of the National Highway System and changes in the industrial concentration of the railroads, with the number of Class I carriers reduced from 14 to 12 through consolidation during 1995. The third, the Kobe, Japan, earthquake, which occurred a year to the day after the Northridge, California, earthquake has many lessons for transportation systems in earthquake-vulnerable locations in the United States. Transportation and the Economy Transportation reaches into every facet of our economic life. A variety of economic indicators is needed to capture the rich interplay between transportation and the larger economy and measure transportation’s importance to the economy. One measure of transportation’s contribution to the economy is provided by its share of the gross domestic product. This can be computed either as transportation’s share of final demand in GDP, or as a share of value-added created by transportation in GDP. Transportation-related final demand is defined as the value of all transportation-related goods and services, regardless of industry origin, delivered to final demand (which includes consumer and government expenditures, investments, and net exports). In 1994, transportation-related final demand amounted to $725 billion, or 10.8 percent of the GDP. As noted earlier, the economic signifi- U.S. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY MAJOR SOCIAL FUNCTION, 1994 Education 7.1% �� Other 31.8% Food �� 12.3% �� Health care 10.8% �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy �� 14.4% SOURCE: See chapter 2, figure 2-1. Housing 23.9% Transportation xv
Page 2 and 3: Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Page 4 and 5: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION F
Page 6 and 7: 5 THE STATE OF TRANSPORTATION STATI
Page 8 and 9: List of Figures PART I: THE STATE O
Page 10 and 11: 9 AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TR
Page 12 and 13: 8 TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY: A
Page 16 and 17: cance of transportation is comparab
Page 18 and 19: U.S. society over the lifetime of p
Page 20 and 21: and compile statistical information
Page 22 and 23: onmental impacts focus on individua
Page 24 and 25: Angeles recorded 208 unhealthful da
Page 26 and 27: Part I The State of the Transportat
Page 28 and 29: 4 � Transportation Statistics Ann
Page 34 and 35: 10 � Transportation Statistics An
Page 58 and 59: To capture the rich interplay betwe
Page 60 and 61: Tables 2-1 and 2-2 present transpor
Page 62 and 63: kinds of transportation services co
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counted as products of the manufact
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worth of industrial output to final
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Measures of Transportation’s Impo
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New car Used car Gas and oil Gas ta
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Vehicle Operating Costs Vehicle pur
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Chapter 2 Transportation and the Ec
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federal funds spent on transit, rai
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The total collections from all thes
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classified under the industry in wh
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The airline industry is using fewer
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that businesses that once depended
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Millions of current dollars Annual
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C H A P T E R T H R E E TRANSPORTAT
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Risk exposure means that the more a
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fatality rate will continue to decl
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more than $14 billion in health car
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in terms of fatalities per distance
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that figure had dropped to 14 perce
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ed duty/sleep periods before their
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more seats (Title 14 Code of Federa
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Drivers who ignore warning signs ar
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The lack of accurate, comprehensive
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_____. 1996. 1995 Traffic Crashes,
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88 � Transportation Statistics An
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100 � Transportation Statistics A
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tion accounts for about one-ninth o
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cases the results have fallen short
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� Water Pollution The major sourc
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vehicles significantly lower the pe
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Total social cost at quantity Q' wh
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such as the Clean Air Act and Amend
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C H A P T E R S E V E N ENVIRONMENT
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CO emissions, 45 percent of all nit
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Index, 1970 = 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0
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highway vehicles emit only half the
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7-3). VOC emissions from mobile sou
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1988; before 1988, PM-10 was not di
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new CAAA regulations required a red
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that without the improvement, VOC e
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fuels are derived from natural gas
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Gallons (millions) 25 20 15 10 5 B
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The Strategic Targeting and Respons
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EPNdB Large jet—Stage 1 (L) Large
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� Aircraft Noise Aircraft noise b
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Chapter 7 Environmental Trends and
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iron, and other metals, and greater
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Re-use Waste tire inventory Process
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� Transportation of Hazardous Mat
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Netherlands employ compensatory pro
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Billions of 1990 dollars 30 25 20 1
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Developing the information needed f
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_____. 1990. Pollutant Loadings and
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Index, 1980 = 100 A. CO emissions,
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Appendices
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AAMVA American Association of Motor
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ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transporta
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U.S. to Metric Length (approximate)
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A Aboveground storage tanks, xxi, 1
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C CAA. See Clean Air Act CAAA. See
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Energy efficiency combination truck
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evenues, 53-56 subsidies paid to op
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Malaysia emissions control efforts,
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energy demand projections, 95 exter
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Tires burning, 158 disposal, xxi, 1
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physical condition and performance,
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