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Georg Michels (Hrsg.)Auf der Suchenach einem Phantom?Widerspiegelungen Europas in der GeschichtswissenschaftDas Zusammenwachsen Europas tritt mit dem anstehenden EU-Beitritt derersten ostmitteleuropäischen Länder in eine neue Phase. Diese Tatsache legteine geistige Bestandsaufnahme nahe, die sich weniger mit aktuellen politischenoder wirtschaftlichen Erwartungen dieser Länder befaßt, sondernderen historisches und kulturelles Handgepäck in den Mittelpunkt stellt.Welches historische Erbe und welche Vorstellungen verbinden sich mit demBegriff »Europa«? Ist Europa in historischer Hinsicht überhaupt ein Begriffund wenn ja, wie wurde und wird er gefüllt? Historiker aus Österreich, Polen,Tschechien, Litauen und Deutschland untersuchen in diesem Sammelbanddas »Europabild« in der Geschichte und in der Geschichtswissenschaft Ostmitteleuropas.Dazu werden sowohl ganze Epochen im Längsschnitt durchmessenwie auch einzelne, ausgewählte Aspekte beleuchtet, die beispielhaftfür bestimmte, die Länder betreffende Entwicklungen stehen. Damit tritt derscheinbar eindeutige Begriff von Europa in einer Vielzahl von Facetten hervor,die die verschiedenen Sichtweisen von Völkern Ostmitteleuropas deutlichwerden lassen. Der Band wendet sich an alle, die an der historischen Entwicklungdes Europabegriffes interessiert sind.2003, 218 S., geb., 48,– €, ISBN 3-8329-0317-8(Schriften des Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung (ZEI), Bd. 42)Nomos
Swan Song or Cock Crow?The Netherlands and the Hague Conference of December 196927Anjo Harryvan and Jan van der HarstDuring the 1960s, French-Dutch relations had deteriorated, mainly as a result of ECcontroversies, such as the French vetoes on British entry, the heated discussions on theFouchet plans, the empty chair crisis and unwillingness by Paris to confer real powersto the embryonic European Parliament. Nevertheless, by the end of the decade DutchEuropean policy-makers would have a number of successes to look back upon. Ridingthe tide of economic prosperity the ‘Original Six’ managed to establish the customsunion as agreed on in the Rome Treaty by July 1968, well before it was due, thusrealising the Netherlands’ most important European policy goal since the launching ofthe Beyen plan in 1952. True, the French taste for high external tariffs was still lookedupon with scorn, but the GATT’s Kennedy Round had eased part of the pain.Throughout the 1960s, however, fear of remaining ‘locked up’ in a limited andprotectionist continental block constituted a major motive for Dutch insistence onenlargement of the Communities, also known as the préalable anglais. The government’spolitical motive for enlargement was poignantly worded by Prime minister Piet de Jongduring a cabinet (Ministerraad) meeting late in 1967: he deemed it“irresponsible to lead the Netherlands towards a European satellite state under French, andafter De Gaulle’s death, under German hegemony. History teaches us that French or Germanhegemony does not leave democratic principles in safe hands. British and Scandinavianaccession is of the highest importance for maintaining democracy in Europe”. 1Of equally high importance as British accession was, in the government’s view, theestablishment of the Community’s common agricultural policy (CAP). On this issue,France and the Netherlands saw eye to eye, at least to a considerably larger degree thanon institutional matters and enlargement. Benelux had taught the government the hardway that under no condition was this sector to be exempted from the general process ofeconomic integration. Like France, the Netherlands needed European outlets for itsagricultural surplus production as offered by the EEC’s common agricultural market.The resulting Dutch-French coalition had managed to dominate the Community’sagricultural decision-making process during the CAP’s formative years (1958-1963). 21. Notulen Ministerraad (MR), 27 October 1967.2. It is interesting to note that the Dutch-French agricultural coalition reached its peak simultaneously withthe clash between Paris and The Hague over De Gaulle’s proposals for a European Political Union, in theframework of the so-called Fouchet-negotiations. J.H. MOLEGRAAF, Boeren in Brussel. Nederland enhet Gemeenschappelijk Europees Landbouwbeleid 1958-1971, PhD thesis University of Utrecht, Utrecht,1999, pp.291-292. For a detailed analysis of the Dutch and French impact on the CAP negotiations in theearly years of the EC, see also A.-C. LAURING-KNUDSEN, Defining the Politics of the Common AgriculturalPolicy. A Historical Study, PhD thesis EUI, Florence, 2001.
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