International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scientific equipment used on the Amundsen and at ice camps nearby. (Image: David Barber) 182 IPY 20 07–20 08 multidisciplinary observations during the formation of a subsurface eddy. Ice Edge Upwellings. Phytoplankton blooms are common events in polar waters where primary productivity greatly exceeds losses, resulting in a rapid accumulation of algal biomass. Due to their latitude, polar regions experience a strong seasonal pulse of insolation supplying one of the key elements for initiation of a vernal phytoplankton bloom. During winter in polar regions, mixing processes (e.g. wind, cold atmospheric temperatures and brine rejection during sea ice formation) and the lack of sufficient light for primary production permit replenishment of surface water nutrients. Nevertheless, the degree of new nutrient replenishment during winter depends on the balance between mixing forces and surface water stability. Polar Surface Water (PSW), categorized as low salinity (< 31.6 in the Beaufort Sea), low temperature (< -1°C) and nutrient-depletion, blankets most of the western Arctic Ocean, and the stability of the PSW is seasonally maintained by freshwater input from the perennial sea ice cover, by precipitation and by runoff from the numerous large rivers along the Eurasian and North American coasts. Furthermore, PSW has historically been protected from wind mixing forces due to the perennial ice cover. In the coastal Beaufort Sea, PSW is underlain by an intermediate layer (32.4 – 33.1 core salinity; < -1°C; ~250 m maximum depth) of relatively nutrient-rich (maximum values of ~15, 2 and 30 mmol m-3 for nitrate, phosphate and silicate, respectively) Pacific origin waters (IPW) (Carmack et al., 2004). IPW is of great importance to the Beaufort Sea and the Canadian Arctic for its potential to enhance biological production where it mixes into the PSW (Carmack et al., 2004). A recent annual study in the Canadian Beaufort Sea showed that winter mixing processes were too weak to overcome PSW stability (Tremblay et al., 2008) thus hindering the injection of nutrients from the IPW into the surface layer and limiting primary production. Nevertheless, we are now aware that passing eddies can locally enhance production by mixing IPW into surface waters; as with coastal upwelling, surface water divergence and upwelling of nutrients can be produced by winds blowing parallel to a relatively straight ice edge. The CFL program will examine the coupled physicalbiological linkages associated with upwelling at ice edges and contrast this to the productivity of the marginal ice zone and open water of the polynya. Concluding Remarks This brief account has attempted to describe some of the main advances that were made in the difficult business of observing the Arctic and subarctic seas during the special focus period of IPY. It has also attempted to describe some of the main results and new ideas that are still emerging from these observations. A
final third element, provided in Chapter 3.3, attempts to use these results and ideas to make the case for which mix of observations to sustain into the future. The reason for attempting such a forward look is clear: if we are to develop the predictive skills and utility of climate models, we will need to observe, understand and ‘build in’ a list of processes that are not yet represented realistically (or at all) in climate models. In fact, the list is quite long (Dickson et al., 2008). It is also clear that it will be the ‘legacy phase’ of IPY, sustained over years to decades, rather than the two-year project itself that will develop our understanding of these processes, their changes, their feedbacks and their likely climatic impacts to the point where they can be of practical use to climate models. We cannot continue everything; References Arrigo, KR, G. van Dijken and S. Pabi, 2008. Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice/cover on marine primary production. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19603, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL035028,2008 Barber, D. G., M. Asplin, Y. Gratton, J. Lukovich, R. Galley, R. Raddatz and D. Leitch, 2010. The International Polar Year (IPY) Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) System Study: Introduction and Physical System. Atmosphere-Ocean 48 (4): 225 243. doi:10.3137/ OC317.2010 Beaugrand, G., P.C. Reid, F. Ibanex, J.A. Lindley and M. Edwards, 2002. Reorganisation of North Atlantic MarineCopepod Biodiversity and Climate. Science, 296:1692-1694. Berge, J., F. Cottier, K. Last, Ø. Varpe, E. Leu, J. Søreide, K. Eiane, S. Falk-Petersen, K. J Willis, H. Nygård, D. Vogedes, C. Griffiths, G. Johnsen, D. Lorentze and A. S Brierley, 2008. Diel vertical migration of Arctic zooplankton during the polar night. Biology Letters, published online, October 23, doi:10.1098/ rsbl.2008.0484. Carmack, E. and F. McLaughlin, 2001. Arctic Ocean change and consequences to biodiversity: A per- even if we could, it would surely be ineffectual simply to continue to observe the Arctic according to what we thought we knew before IPY. What have we learned in IPY that might help us design its observational ‘legacy phase’? At the Arctic Science Summit Week (ASSW) in Bergen in March 2009, the Arctic Ocean Sciences Board (AOSB) set itself the task of developing a proposal for an integrated, sustained and pan-Arctic observing effort focused on the role of northern seas in climate in Oslo in 2010. To achieve maximum focus, this plan is being structured around the following three questions: 1) Following IPY, how would we now define the role of the Northern Seas in Climate? 2) What questions should we be testing to help us understand that role? 3) How should we design an ocean observing system to test these questions? spective on linkage and scale. Mem. Natl. Polar. Res., Spec Issue. 54:365-375. Carmack, E. and D. C. Chapman, 2003. Wind-driven shelf/basin exchange on an Arctic shelf: The joint roles of ice cover extent and shelf-break bathymetry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(14):1778, doi:10.1029/2003GL017526. Carmack, E., R.W. Macdonald and S. Jasper, 2004. Phytoplankton productivity on the Canadian Shelf of the Beaufort Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 277:37-50. Cottier, F. R., F. Nilsen, M.E. Inall, S. Gerland, V. Tverberg and H. Svendsen, 2007. Wintertime warming of an Arctic shelf in response to large-scale atmospheric circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, doi:10.1029/2007GL029948. de Steur L, E. Hansen, R. Gerdes, M. Karcher, E. Fahrbach and J. Holfort, 2009. Freshwater fluxes in the East Greenland Current: a decade of observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, doi: 10.1029:2009gl041278. Dickson, R.R., 2006. The integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System (iAOOS): an AOSB-CliC Observing Plan for the International Polar Year. Oceanologia s C I e n C e P r o g r a m 183
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
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vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
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viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
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x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
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xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
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xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
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xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
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xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
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xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
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xxii IPY 20 07-20 08 from many of t
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xxiv IPY 20 07-20 08
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2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
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4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
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Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
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8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
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10 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.1-4 Globa
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Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
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14 IPY 20 07-20 08 at the same Dani
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Fig. 1.1-8 U.S. Navy and constructi
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18 IPY 20 07-20 08 Cooperation.’
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20 IPY 20 07-20 08 decades (1950-19
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22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
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24 IPY 20 07-20 08 World Data Cente
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26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
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28 IPY 20 07-20 08 23 Berkner’s l
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Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
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Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
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34 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1 Neumayer D
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Fig. 1.2-7. Fragment from the minut
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38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
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40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
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42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
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44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
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46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
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48 IPY 20 07-20 08 Notes 1 Andreev
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50 IPY 20 07-20 08 nations needed t
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52 IPY 20 07-20 08 ICSU and WMO Pro
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54 IPY 20 07-20 08 Thiede for SCAR,
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56 IPY 20 07-20 08 PG-3, First Disc
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Fig. 1.3-7 (right). Cover page of t
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60 IPY 20 07-20 08 established by 1
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62 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 The develo
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Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
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Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
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68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
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70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
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Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
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74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
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Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
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78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
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80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
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82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
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84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
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86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
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88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
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90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
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92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
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94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
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96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
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98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
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100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
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Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
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104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
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106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
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Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
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Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
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112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
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116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
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118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
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120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
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122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
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Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
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126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
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128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
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130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
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Page 164 and 165: Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
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Page 168 and 169: Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
Page 170 and 171: Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
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Page 174 and 175: 148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
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Page 182 and 183: Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
Page 184 and 185: Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
Page 186 and 187: Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
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Page 194 and 195: 168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
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Page 200 and 201: Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
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Page 206 and 207: Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
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Page 214 and 215: Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
Page 216 and 217: Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
Page 218 and 219: Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
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Page 222 and 223: Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
Page 224 and 225: Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
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Page 232 and 233: Fig. 2.3-12. Dead krill on the beac
Page 234 and 235: Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
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Page 242 and 243: 216 IPY 20 07-20 08 so-called Dansg
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Page 246 and 247: Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
Page 248 and 249: 222 IPY 20 07-20 08 In July-August
Page 250 and 251: Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
Page 252 and 253: Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
Page 254 and 255: 228 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.4-10. Ta
Page 256 and 257: Fig. 2.4-12. Airborne lidar and gro
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232 IPY 20 07-20 08 tic and Antarct
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234 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.5-1. Sch
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236 IPY 20 07-20 08 our planet: the
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238 IPY 20 07-20 08 base Syowa via
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240 IPY 20 07-20 08 possible to add
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242 IPY 20 07-20 08 sary environmen
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Fig. 2.6-1. An artist’s cross-sec
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246 IPY 20 07-20 08 conditions. The
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Fig. 2.6-3. Russian scientific trav
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250 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.6-5a. Co
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252 IPY 20 07-20 08 Emerging Subgla
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254 IPY 20 07-20 08 Masolov V.N., S
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Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
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258 IPY 20 07-20 08 contributed to
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Table 2.7-1. Inventory of Northern
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Table 2.7-2. Inventory of Antarctic
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264 IPY 20 07-20 08 Arctic Circum-P
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266 IPY 20 07-20 08 Northern Circum
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268 IPY 20 07-20 08 Permafrost in t
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270 IPY 20 07-20 08 Engineers Offic
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272 IPY 20 07-20 08 Valcárcel-Día
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Fig. 2.8-1. Antarctica’s Gamburts
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276 IPY 20 07-20 08 sampling at rel
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278 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.8-5. PLA
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Fig. 2.8-6. POLENET autonomous, col
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Fig. 2.8-7. Continuouslyrecording G
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284 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seismic imaging
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286 IPY 20 07-20 08 expectations of
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288 IPY 20 07-20 08 Willis, 2009b.
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290 IPY 20 07-20 08 Meet. Suppl., A
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292 IPY 20 07-20 08 mantle beneath
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Table 2.9-1. Terrestrial Projects u
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296 IPY 20 07-20 08 future. For thi
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Fig. 2.9-2. A small moving drill wa
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300 IPY 20 07-20 08 2.9-4. Field si
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302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
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304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
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Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
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308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
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310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
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Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
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314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
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316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
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318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
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Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
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322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
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Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
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Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
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328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
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330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
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332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
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334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
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Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
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338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
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340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
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342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
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344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
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Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
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348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
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350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
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352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
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354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
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356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
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358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
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360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
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Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
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Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
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Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
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Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
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370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
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Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
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Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
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Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
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Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
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382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
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384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
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386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
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388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
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Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
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392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
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Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
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396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
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Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
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Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
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Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
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404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
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406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
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408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
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Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
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Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
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414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
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416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
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Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
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420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
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422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
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424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
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Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
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Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
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Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
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Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
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434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
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436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
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438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
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Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
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Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
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444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
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Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
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Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
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Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
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Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
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454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
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456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
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458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
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460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
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Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
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464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
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466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
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468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
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470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
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472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
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Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
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476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
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478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
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480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
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482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
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Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
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486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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488 IPY 20 07-20 08 Officers from m
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Fig. 4.1-2. Students in Portugal to
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492 IPY 20 07-20 08 Two internation
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494 IPY 20 07-20 08 the submissions
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Fig. 4.1-4. (left) Teachers partici
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498 IPY 20 07-20 08 conference, ‘
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500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
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Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
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504 IPY 20 07-20 08 Google Groups t
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506 IPY 20 07-20 08 tative/liaison
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508 IPY 20 07-20 08 material had to
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510 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Arct
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512 IPY 20 07-20 08 Highlights from
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514 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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Fig. 4.3-1. Participants of the mee
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Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
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520 IPY 20 07-20 08 management. The
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Fig. 4.3-4. During IPY early career
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524 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T FI V E :
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526 IPY 20 07-20 08 ‘legacies’)
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528 IPY 20 07-20 08 sciences_for_ip
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530 IPY 20 07-20 08 of multidiscipl
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Fig. 5.1-2 In situ platforms, inclu
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534 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion documented
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536 IPY 20 07-20 08 warming over th
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538 IPY 20 07-20 08 the Russian Ant
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540 IPY 20 07-20 08 Background with
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542 IPY 20 07-20 08 achievements al
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544 IPY 20 07-20 08 with a Sunyaev-
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546 IPY 20 07-20 08 doing will cont
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548 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 (
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Fig.5.2-4. Proposed structure of th
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552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
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554 IPY 20 07-20 08 References ACIA
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556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
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Fig.5.3-1. Routine CTD profiling du
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560 IPY 20 07-20 08 Svalbard, Norwa
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Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
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Fig.5.3-9. Participants of the IPY
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Fig.5.3-11. Japanese- Swedish Antar
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Fig.5.3-13. Memorial photo after th
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570 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.3-15. New
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Fig.5.3-17. Malaysian biologist Che
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Fig.5.3-19. Malaysian Arctic sampli
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576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
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578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
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Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
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582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
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584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
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586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
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Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
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Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
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592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
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594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
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596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
Page 624 and 625:
598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
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600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
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602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
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604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
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Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
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608 IPY 20 07-20 08 speakers and pa
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610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
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612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
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614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
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Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
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618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
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Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
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622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
Page 650 and 651:
624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
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626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
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628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
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Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
Page 658 and 659:
632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
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634 IPY 20 07-20 08
Page 662 and 663:
636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
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638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
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640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
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642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
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644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
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Page 674 and 675:
Page 676 and 677:
650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
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652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
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654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
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656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
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658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
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660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
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662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
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Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
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Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
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668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
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670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
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672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
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674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
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676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
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678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
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680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
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682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
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684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
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686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
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688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
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690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
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692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
Page 720 and 721:
694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
Page 724:
698 The International Polar Year (I
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International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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