International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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554 IPY 20 07–20 08 References ACIA, 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1042p. AHDR (Arctic Human Development Report), 2004. Níels Einarsson, Joan Nymand Larsen, Annika Nilsson, and Oran R. Young, general editors. Akureyri: Stefansson Arctic Institute. Allison, I., (ed). 1983. Antarctic Climate Research: Proposals for the Implementation of a Programme of Antarctic Research contributing to the World Climate Research Programme. Cambridge, SCAR, 65 pp. Allison, I., M. Béland, K. Alverson, R. Bell, D. Carlson, P. Cutler, K. Danell, C. Ellis-Evans, E. Fahrbach, G. Hovelsrud, J. Huber, V. Kotlyakov, I. Krupnik, J. López-Martínez, T. Mohr, H. Ödmark, D. Qin, V. Rachold, C. Rapley, O. Rogne, E. Sarukhanian, C. Summerhayes and T. Yamanouchi, 2009. The State of Polar Research: a statement from the International Council for Science/World Meteorological Organization Joint Committee for the International Polar Year 2007–2008.World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 16pp. Dahl-Jensen, D., J. Bamber, C.E. Bøggild, E. Buch, J.H. Christensen, K. Dethloff, M. Fahnestock, S. Marshall, M. Rosing, K. Steffen, R. Thomas, M. Truffer, M. van den Broeke and C.J. van der Veen, 2009. Summary – The Greenland Ice Sheet in a Changing Climate Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). AMAP: Oslo, 22 pp. Eicken, H., Lovecraft, A.L. and M. Druckenmiller, 2009. Sea-ice system services: A framework to help identify and meet information needs relevant for Arctic observing networks. Arctic, 62:119–136. Eicken, H., L.A. Ritchie, and A. Barlau, in press. The potential role of local, indigenous knowledge in Arctic offshore oil and gas development, environmental hazard mitigation, and emergency response. In North by 2020: Perspectives on a Changing Arctic, A.L. Lovecraft, and H. Eicken, (eds). Krupnik, I. and G.C. Ray, 2007. Pacific walruses, indigenous hunters, and climate change: Bridging scientific and indigenous knowledge. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 54:2946–2957. Mayewski, P.A., M. P. Meredith, C. P. Summerhayes, J. Turner, A. Worby, P. J. Barrett, G. Casassa, N. A. N. Bertler, T. Bracegirdle, A. C. Naveira Garabato, D. Bromwich, H. Campbell, G. S. Hamilton, W. B. Lyons, K. A. Maasch, S. Aoki, C. Xiao, Tas van Ommen, 2009. State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean climate system. Reviews of Geophysics 47 RG1003, 38 PP., doi:10.1029/2007RG000231 Metcalf, V. and I. Krupnik, (eds), 2003. Pacific walrus. Conserving our culture through traditional management. Report of the Oral History Project under Cooperative Agreement #701813J506, Section 119. Eskimo Walrus Commission, Kawerak, Inc., Nome, Alaska. Metcalf, V. and M. Robards, 2008. Sustaining a healthy human-walrus relationship in a dynamic environment: challenges for comanagement. Ecological Applications, 18(2):148-156. Oozeva, C., C. Noongwook, G. Noongwook, C. Alowa, and I. Krupnik, 2004. Watching Ice and Weather Our Way/Sikumengllu Eslamengllu Esghapalleghput. I. Krupnik, H. Huntington and C. Koonooka (eds). Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution: Washington, DC. Ray, C.G. and G.L. Hufford, 1989. Relationships among Beringian marine mammals and sea ice. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunion Conseil International pour L’Exploration de la Mer, 188:22-39. SCAR, 1989. The Role of Antarctica in Global Change. Prepared by the SCAR Steering Committee for the IGBP:28 p. SCAR, 1992. The Role of the Antarctic in Global Change: An International Plan for a Regional Research Programme, Prepared by the SCAR Steering Committee for the IGBP: 54 p. SWIPA, 2009. Climate Change and the Cryosphere: Snow, Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) An Arctic Council ‘Cryosphere Project’ in Cooperation with IASC, CliC and IPY. Project summary, 60p www.amap.no/swipa/#Products. Turner, J., Bindschadler, R.A., Convey, P., Di Prisco, G., Fahrbach, E., Gutt, J., Hodgson, D.A., Mayewski, P.A., and Summerhayes, C.P., 2009. Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment. SCAR, Cambridge, 560pp.
PA R T FI V E : T H E L E G AC I E S O F I PY 20 07–20 0 8 A N D FU T U R E O F P O L A R R E S E A R C H 5.3 Engaging Asian Nations in IPY: Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS) Coordinating Editors: John Calder and Igor Krupnik Contributing authors: Jinping Zhao (for China), Alvarinho J. Luis (for India), Natsuo Sato, Hajime Ito, Masaki Kanao, Hiroshi Kanda, Takeshi Naganuma, Tetsuo Ohata, Kentaro Watanabe, Takashi Yamanouchi (for Japan), Dongmin Jin (for Korea), Azizan Abu Samah, Nasaruddin Abdul Rahman and Wong Chiew Yen (for Malaysia) Reviewer: Ian Allison One of the principal aims of IPY 2007–2008 was to engage worldwide resources to create a pulse of activities focused on the polar regions. The IPY early planning document (Rapley et al., 2004) was completed during 2004 by a group of experts drawn from all regions of the world, including Asia, 1 and it underscored the importance of including in IPY “nations not traditionally involved in polar research.” Recognizing the importance of international cooperation, aiming to serve the common interests between Asian countries in polar sciences, and anticipating the coming IPY, the Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS) was established in September 2004. Its main declared objectives were to provide a foundation for cooperative research activities, to present Asian achievements to the international polar communities and to encourage Asian countries’ involvement in polar research. Participation of the Asian nations in international polar programs goes back to the early 1900s (for Japan) and to IPY-2, in which China, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Syria and Turkey took part (Chapter 1.1, Box 3). 2 Fifteen Asian nations—Burma, Ceylon, Republic of China (Taipei), India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaya, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, and both the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) participated in IGY 1957–1958 (Chapter 1.1, Box 4), though, primarily via conducting geophysical and meteorological observations on their national territories. Japan maintained active research program in Antarctica since 1957 and was one of the 12 original signatories of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. Four other Asian nations joined the Antarctic Treaty as Consultative Parties – China (PRC, in 1983), India (1983), Republic of Korea (1986), Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea, 1987); and Turkey is the Acceding State (since 1996). China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea and Malaysia are also Full Members of SCAR and Pakistan is its Associate Member. The role of the Asian nations in polar research has increased dramatically over the past decades, due to their economic, political and scientific power. Among 63 nations with scientists involved in IPY 2007– 2008, 14 countries (China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Vietnam) are within the Asian region. Five of them—China, India, Japan, Malaysia and Republic of Korea—established their national IPY committees and set national IPY programs (Appendix 7). This chapter reviews the contribution by those five nations to the IPY 2007–2008 activities and to international collaboration in polar research. Demand for practical cooperation among Asian nations in polar science and logistics has been ever increasing. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, which are the Asian members of the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP), had informal communication on this matter for years. At the COMNAP Meeting in Brest in 2003, Korea and Japan agreed to establish a regional ‘East Asian group’ l e g a C I e s 555
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
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vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
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viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
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x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
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xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
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xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
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xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
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xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
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xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
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xxii IPY 20 07-20 08 from many of t
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xxiv IPY 20 07-20 08
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2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
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4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
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Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
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8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
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10 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.1-4 Globa
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Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
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14 IPY 20 07-20 08 at the same Dani
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Fig. 1.1-8 U.S. Navy and constructi
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18 IPY 20 07-20 08 Cooperation.’
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20 IPY 20 07-20 08 decades (1950-19
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22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
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24 IPY 20 07-20 08 World Data Cente
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26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
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28 IPY 20 07-20 08 23 Berkner’s l
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Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
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Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
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34 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1 Neumayer D
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Fig. 1.2-7. Fragment from the minut
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38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
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40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
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42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
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44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
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46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
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48 IPY 20 07-20 08 Notes 1 Andreev
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50 IPY 20 07-20 08 nations needed t
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52 IPY 20 07-20 08 ICSU and WMO Pro
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54 IPY 20 07-20 08 Thiede for SCAR,
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56 IPY 20 07-20 08 PG-3, First Disc
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Fig. 1.3-7 (right). Cover page of t
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60 IPY 20 07-20 08 established by 1
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62 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 The develo
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Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
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Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
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68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
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70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
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Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
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74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
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Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
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78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
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80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
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82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
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84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
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86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
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88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
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90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
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92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
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94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
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96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
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98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
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100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
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Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
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104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
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106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
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Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
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Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
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112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
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116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
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118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
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120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
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122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
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Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
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126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
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128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
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130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
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132 IPY 20 07-20 08 and data manage
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134 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T WO: IP
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136 IPY 20 07-20 08 of which have g
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Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
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140 IPY 20 07-20 08 instruments on
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Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
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Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
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146 IPY 20 07-20 08 fractional sea
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148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
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150 IPY 20 07-20 08 vations obtaine
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152 IPY 20 07-20 08 pre-dating the
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154 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sensing, 48(4):
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Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
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Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
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Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
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162 IPY 20 07-20 08 quality of the
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164 IPY 20 07-20 08 much of the ozo
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166 IPY 20 07-20 08 concentration m
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168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
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170 IPY 20 07-20 08 developed or pr
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172 IPY 20 07-20 08 decrease in the
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Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
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176 IPY 20 07-20 08 providing plent
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178 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sampling of the
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Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
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Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scien
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184 IPY 20 07-20 08 48(1): 5-21. Di
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186 IPY 20 07-20 08 doi:10.1029/200
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Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
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Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
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Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
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194 IPY 20 07-20 08 period. These p
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Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
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Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
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200 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.3-8. Ver
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Fig. 2.3-9. CAML ship sampling duri
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204 IPY 20 07-20 08 the theory that
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Fig. 2.3-12. Dead krill on the beac
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Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
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210 IPY 20 07-20 08 tions and Infor
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212 IPY 20 07-20 08 solved iron in
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214 IPY 20 07-20 08 Antarctic ice s
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216 IPY 20 07-20 08 so-called Dansg
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218 IPY 20 07-20 08 other Greenland
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Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
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222 IPY 20 07-20 08 In July-August
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Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
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Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
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228 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.4-10. Ta
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Fig. 2.4-12. Airborne lidar and gro
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232 IPY 20 07-20 08 tic and Antarct
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234 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.5-1. Sch
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236 IPY 20 07-20 08 our planet: the
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238 IPY 20 07-20 08 base Syowa via
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240 IPY 20 07-20 08 possible to add
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242 IPY 20 07-20 08 sary environmen
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Fig. 2.6-1. An artist’s cross-sec
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246 IPY 20 07-20 08 conditions. The
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Fig. 2.6-3. Russian scientific trav
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250 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.6-5a. Co
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252 IPY 20 07-20 08 Emerging Subgla
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254 IPY 20 07-20 08 Masolov V.N., S
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Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
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258 IPY 20 07-20 08 contributed to
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Table 2.7-1. Inventory of Northern
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Table 2.7-2. Inventory of Antarctic
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264 IPY 20 07-20 08 Arctic Circum-P
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266 IPY 20 07-20 08 Northern Circum
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268 IPY 20 07-20 08 Permafrost in t
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270 IPY 20 07-20 08 Engineers Offic
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272 IPY 20 07-20 08 Valcárcel-Día
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Fig. 2.8-1. Antarctica’s Gamburts
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276 IPY 20 07-20 08 sampling at rel
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278 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.8-5. PLA
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Fig. 2.8-6. POLENET autonomous, col
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Fig. 2.8-7. Continuouslyrecording G
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284 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seismic imaging
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286 IPY 20 07-20 08 expectations of
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288 IPY 20 07-20 08 Willis, 2009b.
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290 IPY 20 07-20 08 Meet. Suppl., A
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292 IPY 20 07-20 08 mantle beneath
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Table 2.9-1. Terrestrial Projects u
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296 IPY 20 07-20 08 future. For thi
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Fig. 2.9-2. A small moving drill wa
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300 IPY 20 07-20 08 2.9-4. Field si
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302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
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304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
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Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
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308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
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310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
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Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
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314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
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316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
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318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
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Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
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322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
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Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
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Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
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328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
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330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
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332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
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334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
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Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
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338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
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340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
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342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
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344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
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Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
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348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
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350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
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352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
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354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
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356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
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358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
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360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
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Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
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Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
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Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
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Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
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370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
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Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
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Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
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Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
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Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
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382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
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384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
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386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
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388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
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Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
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392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
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Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
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396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
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Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
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Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
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Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
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404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
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406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
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408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
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Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
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Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
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414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
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416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
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Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
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420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
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422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
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424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
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Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
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Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
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Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
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Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
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434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
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436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
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438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
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Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
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Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
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444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
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Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
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Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
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Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
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Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
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454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
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456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
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458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
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460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
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Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
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464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
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466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
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468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
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470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
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472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
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Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
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476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
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478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
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480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
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482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
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Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
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486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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488 IPY 20 07-20 08 Officers from m
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Fig. 4.1-2. Students in Portugal to
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492 IPY 20 07-20 08 Two internation
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494 IPY 20 07-20 08 the submissions
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Fig. 4.1-4. (left) Teachers partici
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498 IPY 20 07-20 08 conference, ‘
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500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
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Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
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Page 542 and 543: Fig. 4.3-1. Participants of the mee
Page 544 and 545: Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
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Page 558 and 559: Fig. 5.1-2 In situ platforms, inclu
Page 560 and 561: 534 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion documented
Page 562 and 563: 536 IPY 20 07-20 08 warming over th
Page 564 and 565: 538 IPY 20 07-20 08 the Russian Ant
Page 566 and 567: 540 IPY 20 07-20 08 Background with
Page 568 and 569: 542 IPY 20 07-20 08 achievements al
Page 570 and 571: 544 IPY 20 07-20 08 with a Sunyaev-
Page 572 and 573: 546 IPY 20 07-20 08 doing will cont
Page 574 and 575: 548 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 (
Page 576 and 577: Fig.5.2-4. Proposed structure of th
Page 578 and 579: 552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
Page 582 and 583: 556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
Page 584 and 585: Fig.5.3-1. Routine CTD profiling du
Page 586 and 587: 560 IPY 20 07-20 08 Svalbard, Norwa
Page 588 and 589: Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
Page 590 and 591: Fig.5.3-9. Participants of the IPY
Page 592 and 593: Fig.5.3-11. Japanese- Swedish Antar
Page 594 and 595: Fig.5.3-13. Memorial photo after th
Page 596 and 597: 570 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.3-15. New
Page 598 and 599: Fig.5.3-17. Malaysian biologist Che
Page 600 and 601: Fig.5.3-19. Malaysian Arctic sampli
Page 602 and 603: 576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
Page 604 and 605: 578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
Page 606 and 607: Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
Page 608 and 609: 582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
Page 610 and 611: 584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
Page 612 and 613: 586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
Page 614 and 615: Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
Page 616 and 617: Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
Page 618 and 619: 592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
Page 620 and 621: 594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
Page 622 and 623: 596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
Page 624 and 625: 598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
Page 626 and 627: 600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
Page 628 and 629: 602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
Page 630 and 631:
604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
Page 632 and 633:
Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
Page 634 and 635:
608 IPY 20 07-20 08 speakers and pa
Page 636 and 637:
610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
Page 638 and 639:
612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
Page 640 and 641:
614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
Page 642 and 643:
Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
Page 644 and 645:
618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
Page 646 and 647:
Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
Page 648 and 649:
622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
Page 650 and 651:
624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
Page 652 and 653:
626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
Page 654 and 655:
628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
Page 656 and 657:
Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
Page 658 and 659:
632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
Page 660 and 661:
634 IPY 20 07-20 08
Page 662 and 663:
636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
Page 664 and 665:
638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
Page 666 and 667:
640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
Page 668 and 669:
642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
Page 670 and 671:
644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
Page 672 and 673:
Page 674 and 675:
Page 676 and 677:
650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
Page 678 and 679:
652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
Page 680 and 681:
654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
Page 682 and 683:
656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
Page 684 and 685:
658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
Page 686 and 687:
660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
Page 688 and 689:
662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
Page 690 and 691:
Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
Page 692 and 693:
Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
Page 694 and 695:
668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
Page 696 and 697:
670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
Page 698 and 699:
672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
Page 700 and 701:
674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
Page 702 and 703:
676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
Page 704 and 705:
678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
Page 706 and 707:
680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
Page 708 and 709:
682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
Page 710 and 711:
684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
Page 712 and 713:
686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
Page 714 and 715:
688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
Page 716 and 717:
690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
Page 718 and 719:
692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
Page 720 and 721:
694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
Page 724:
698 The International Polar Year (I
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International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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